# Leveraging Orientation for Weakly Supervised Object Detection with Application to Firearm Localization

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a weakly supervised orientation-aware object detection algorithm that effectively detects firearms with oriented bounding boxes, using only axis-aligned annotations during training, and demonstrates superior performance on a new challenging dataset.

## Contribution

The paper proposes a novel multistage OAOD algorithm that learns to detect oriented bounding boxes from AABB annotations, reducing the need for OBB during training.

## Key findings

- OAOD outperforms state-of-the-art detectors with 88.3 mAP on AABB
- Achieves 77.5 mAP on OBB detection
- Introduces the ITU Firearm dataset with 11,000 annotated images

## Abstract

Automatic detection of firearms is important for enhancing the security and safety of people, however, it is a challenging task owing to the wide variations in shape, size, and appearance of firearms. Also, most of the generic object detectors process axis-aligned rectangular areas though, a thin and long rifle may actually cover only a small percentage of that area and the rest may contain irrelevant details suppressing the required object signatures. To handle these challenges, we propose a weakly supervised Orientation Aware Object Detection (OAOD) algorithm which learns to detect oriented object bounding boxes (OBB) while using AxisAligned Bounding Boxes (AABB) for training. The proposed OAOD is different from the existing oriented object detectors which strictly require OBB during training which may not always be present. The goal of training on AABB and detection of OBB is achieved by employing a multistage scheme, with Stage-1 predicting the AABB and Stage-2 predicting OBB. In-between the two stages, the oriented proposal generation module along with the object aligned RoI pooling is designed to extract features based on the predicted orientation and to make these features orientation invariant. A diverse and challenging dataset consisting of eleven thousand images is also proposed for firearm detection which is manually annotated for firearm classification and localization. The proposed ITU Firearm dataset (ITUF) contains a wide range of guns and rifles. The OAOD algorithm is evaluated on the ITUF dataset and compared with current state-of-the-art object detectors, including fully supervised oriented object detectors. OAOD has outperformed both types of object detectors with a significant margin. The experimental results (mAP: 88.3 on AABB & mAP: 77.5 on OBB) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for firearm detection.