# The Stellar CME-flare relation: What do historic observations reveal?

## TL;DR

This study investigates stellar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) associated with flares on active stars, revealing that CME energies are lower than solar extrapolations, which impacts exoplanet habitability assessments.

## Contribution

It provides the first systematic analysis of stellar CME masses and energies based on observed flare data, extending solar CME relations to active stars.

## Key findings

- CME masses range from 10^15 to 10^22 g.
- CME kinetic energies are about two orders of magnitude lower than solar extrapolations.
- Lower CME velocities suggest magnetic and stellar wind constraints.

## Abstract

Solar CMEs and flares have a statistically well defined relation, with more energetic X-ray flares corresponding to faster and more massive CMEs. How this relation extends to more magnetically active stars is a subject of open research. Here, we study the most probable stellar CME candidates associated with flares captured in the literature to date, all of which were observed on magnetically active stars. We use a simple CME model to derive masses and kinetic energies from observed quantities, and transform associated flare data to the GOES 1--8~\AA\ band. Derived CME masses range from $\sim 10^{15}$ to $10^{22}$~g. Associated flare X-ray energies range from $10^{31}$ to $10^{37}$~erg. Stellar CME masses as a function of associated flare energy generally lie along or below the extrapolated mean for solar events. In contrast, CME kinetic energies lie below the analogous solar extrapolation by roughly two orders of magnitude, indicating approximate parity between flare X-ray and CME kinetic energies. These results suggest that the CMEs associated with very energetic flares on active stars are more limited in terms of the ejecta velocity than the ejecta mass, possibly because of the restraining influence of strong overlying magnetic fields and stellar wind drag. Lower CME kinetic energies and velocities present a more optimistic scenario for the effects of CME impacts on exoplanets in close proximity to active stellar hosts.