Optimal Adaptivity of Signed-Polygon Statistics for Network Testing

TL;DR

This paper introduces Signed Polygon statistics, including Signed Triangle and Quadrilateral, as adaptive, robust tests for community detection in social networks that perform well across various sparsity levels and degree heterogeneity.

Contribution

The paper proposes a new class of Signed Polygon tests that adaptively and optimally detect community structures in networks with heterogeneity and sparsity, outperforming existing methods.

Findings

Signed Polygon tests satisfy key robustness criteria.

SgnT and SgnQ perform well in sparse and less sparse networks.

Outperform existing tests like EZ and GC in various settings.

Abstract

Given a symmetric social network, we are interested in testing whether it has only one community or multiple communities. The desired tests should (a) accommodate severe degree heterogeneity, (b) accommodate mixed-memberships, (c) have a tractable null distribution, and (d) adapt automatically to different levels of sparsity, and achieve the optimal phase diagram. How to find such a test is a challenging problem. We propose the Signed Polygon as a class of new tests. Fixing $m \geq 3$, for each $m$-gon in the network, define a score using the centered adjacency matrix. The sum of such scores is then the $m$-th order Signed Polygon statistic. The Signed Triangle (SgnT) and the Signed Quadrilateral (SgnQ) are special examples of the Signed Polygon. We show that both the SgnT and SgnQ tests satisfy (a)-(d), and especially, they work well for both very sparse and less sparse networks. Our proposed tests compare favorably with the existing tests. For example, the EZ and GC tests behave unsatisfactorily in the less sparse case and do not achieve the optimal phase diagram. Also, many existing tests do not allow for severe heterogeneity or mixed-memberships, and they behave unsatisfactorily in our settings. The analysis of the SgnT and SgnQ tests is delicate and extremely tedious, and the main reason is that we need a unified proof that covers a wide range of sparsity levels and a wide range of degree heterogeneity. For lower bound theory, we use a phase transition framework, which includes the standard minimax argument, but is more informative. The proof uses classical theorems on matrix scaling.