# Mathematical Monsters

## TL;DR

This paper explores the concept of mathematical monsters across history, philosophy, and modern group theory, analyzing their cultural significance and how they challenge or exemplify mathematical understanding.

## Contribution

It offers a multidisciplinary analysis of mathematical monsters, connecting literary monster theory with historical and contemporary mathematical phenomena.

## Key findings

- Mathematical anomalies challenged understanding in the late 19th century.
- Lakatos used monsters as metaphors for proof strategies.
- The 'Monster' group exemplifies modern mathematical 'monsters'.

## Abstract

Monsters lurk within mathematical as well as literary haunts. I propose to trace some pathways between these two monstrous habitats. I start from Jeffrey Jerome Cohen's influential account of monster culture and explore how well mathematical monsters fit each of his seven theses. The mathematical monsters I discuss are drawn primarily from three distinct but overlapping domains. Firstly, late nineteenth-century mathematicians made numerous unsettling discoveries that threatened their understanding of their own discipline and challenged their intuitions. The great French mathematician Henri Poincar\'e characterised these anomalies as `monsters', a name that stuck. Secondly, the twentieth-century philosopher Imre Lakatos composed a seminal work on the nature of mathematical proof, in which monsters play a conspicuous role. Lakatos coined such terms as `monster-barring' and `monster-adjusting' to describe strategies for dealing with entities whose properties seem to falsify a conjecture. Thirdly, and most recently, mathematicians dubbed the largest of the sporadic groups `the Monster', because of its vast size and uncanny properties, and because its existence was suspected long before it could be confirmed.