# Location-Sector Analysis of International Profit Shifting on a Multilayer Ownership-Tax Network

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes how treaty shopping affects tax revenues in developing countries by constructing a multilayer ownership-tax network and proposing multilayer centrality to identify conduit firms involved in international tax avoidance.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel multilayer centrality measure to precisely identify locations and sectors of conduit firms used for treaty shopping in international tax avoidance.

## Key findings

- Firms in Finance & Insurance and Wholesale & Retail sectors are involved in treaty shopping.
- Developing countries should focus on these sectors in their tax treaties.
- The multilayer centrality effectively captures conduit firm locations and sectors.

## Abstract

Currently all countries including developing countries are expected to utilize their own tax revenues and carry out their own development for solving poverty in their countries. However, developing countries cannot earn tax revenues like developed countries partly because they do not have effective countermeasures against international tax avoidance. Our analysis focuses on treaty shopping among various ways to conduct international tax avoidance because tax revenues of developing countries have been heavily damaged through treaty shopping. To analyze the location and sector of conduit firms likely to be used for treaty shopping, we constructed a multilayer ownership-tax network and proposed multilayer centrality. Because multilayer centrality can consider not only the value owing in the ownership network but also the withholding tax rate, it is expected to grasp precisely the locations and sectors of conduit firms established for the purpose of treaty shopping. Our analysis shows that firms in the sectors of Finance & Insurance and Wholesale & Retail trade etc. are involved with treaty shopping. We suggest that developing countries make a clause focusing on these sectors in the tax treaties they conclude.