# A trio of heteroclinic bifurcations arising from a model of spatially-extended Rock-Paper-Scissors

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how heteroclinic bifurcations in a spatial Rock-Paper-Scissors model lead to complex wave and spiral patterns, revealing three novel bifurcation types in PDEs related to population dynamics.

## Contribution

It identifies and analyzes three new heteroclinic bifurcations in PDE models derived from a classical heteroclinic cycle, linking them to wave and spiral pattern formation.

## Key findings

- Heteroclinic bifurcations create and destroy travelling waves in PDEs.
- Three distinct heteroclinic bifurcations are identified and characterized.
- Results enhance understanding of spiral patterns in population models.

## Abstract

One of the simplest examples of a robust heteroclinic cycle involves three saddle equilibria: each one is unstable to the next in turn, and connections from one to the next occur within invariant subspaces. Such a situation can be described by a third-order ordinary differential equation (ODE), and typical trajectories approach each equilibrium point in turn, spending progressively longer to cycle around the three points but never stopping. This cycle has been invoked as a model of cyclic competition between populations adopting three strategies, characterised as Rock, Paper and Scissors. When spatial distribution and mobility of the populations is taken into account, waves of Rock can invade regions of Scissors, only to be invaded by Paper in turn. The dynamics is described by a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) that has travelling wave (in one dimension) and spiral (in two dimensions) solutions. In this paper, we explore how the robust heteroclinic cycle in the ODE manifests itself in the PDEs. Taking the wavespeed as a parameter, and moving into a travelling frame, the PDEs reduce to a sixth-order set of ODEs, in which travelling waves are created in a Hopf bifurcation and are destroyed in three different heteroclinic bifurcations, depending on parameters, as the travelling wave approaches the heteroclinic cycle. We explore the three different heteroclinic bifurcations, none of which have been observed in the context of robust heteroclinic cycles previously. These results are an important step towards a full understanding of the spiral patterns found in two dimensions, with possible application to travelling waves and spirals in other population dynamics models.