# On the Chromatic Polynomial and Counting DP-Colorings

## TL;DR

This paper introduces the DP color function, a new generalization of the chromatic polynomial for graphs, explores its properties and differences from the list color function, and develops methods for its computation and analysis.

## Contribution

It defines the DP color function, investigates its behavior compared to the chromatic and list color functions, and provides techniques for exact computation on specific graph classes.

## Key findings

- DP color function can be less than the chromatic polynomial for some graphs at large m.
- For certain graphs, the DP color function behaves similarly to the list color function.
- Developed methods to compute the DP color function exactly for chordal, unicyclic, and cycle graphs.

## Abstract

The chromatic polynomial of a graph $G$, denoted $P(G,m)$, is equal to the number of proper $m$-colorings of $G$. The list color function of graph $G$, denoted $P_{\ell}(G,m)$, is a list analogue of the chromatic polynomial that has been studied since 1992, primarily through comparisons with the corresponding chromatic polynomial. DP-coloring (also called correspondence coloring) is a generalization of list coloring recently introduced by Dvo\v{r}\'{a}k and Postle. In this paper, we introduce a DP-coloring analogue of the chromatic polynomial called the DP color function, denoted $P_{DP}(G,m)$, and ask several fundamental open questions about it, making progress on some of them. Motivated by known results related to the list color function, we show that while the DP color function behaves similar to the list color function for some graphs, there are also some surprising differences. For example, Wang, Qian, and Yan recently showed that if $G$ is a connected graph with $l$ edges, then $P_{\ell}(G,m)=P(G,m)$ whenever $m > \frac{l-1}{\ln(1+ \sqrt{2})}$, but we will show that for any $g \geq 3$ there exists a graph, $G$, with girth $g$ such that $P_{DP}(G,m) < P(G,m)$ when $m$ is sufficiently large. We also study the asymptotics of $P(G,m) - P_{DP}(G,m)$ for a fixed graph $G$. We develop techniques to compute $P_{DP}(G,m)$ exactly and apply them to certain classes of graphs such as chordal graphs, unicyclic graphs, and cycles with a chord. Finally, we make progress towards showing that for any graph $G$, there is a $p$ such that $P_{DP}(G \vee K_p, m) = P(G \vee K_p , m)$ for large enough $m$.