# Coverage Analysis of 3-D Dense Cellular Networks with Realistic Propagation Conditions

## TL;DR

This paper models 3D dense cellular networks using realistic LOS/NLOS propagation and stochastic geometry, providing tight coverage probability bounds and analyzing the impact of user density on network performance.

## Contribution

It introduces a 3D spatial Poisson point process model with realistic propagation effects, bridging the gap in existing 2D models for dense cellular networks.

## Key findings

- Derived a tight upper bound for coverage probability.
- Analyzed the impact of UE density on coverage.
- Modeled AP activity probabilistically based on densities.

## Abstract

In recent times, the use of stochastic geometry has become a popular and important tool for performance analysis of next-generation dense small cell wireless networks. Usually, such networks are modeled using 2 dimensional spatial Poisson point processes (SPPP). Moreover, the distinctive effects of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation are also not explicitly taken into account in such analysis. The aim of the current work is to bridge this gap by modeling the access point (AP) and user equipment (UE) locations by 3-dimensional SPPP and considering the realistic LOS/NLOS channel models (path loss and small scale fading) as reported in existing standards. The effect of UE density on downlink coverage probability has also been investigated. In this process, the probabilistic activity of APs has been analytically modeled as a function of AP and UE densities. The derived upper bound of coverage probability is found to be numerically simple as well as extremely tight in nature and thus can be used as a close approximation of the same.