# Entrainment to Subharmonic Trajectories in Oscillatory Discrete-Time Systems

## TL;DR

This paper studies oscillatory discrete-time systems with time-varying nonlinear dynamics, showing they exhibit predictable behavior such as convergence to subharmonic trajectories under certain conditions, extending understanding of complex nonlinear systems.

## Contribution

It introduces new conditions ensuring the oscillatory nature of line integrals of Jacobians, leading to a better understanding of the ordered behavior in nonlinear discrete-time systems.

## Key findings

- Trajectories either leave compact sets or converge to subharmonic trajectories.
- Established new sufficient conditions for oscillatory matrices via line integrals.
- Demonstrated classes of nonlinear systems with predictable, well-ordered dynamics.

## Abstract

A matrix $A$ is called totally positive (TP) if all its minors are positive, and totally nonnegative (TN) if all its minors are nonnegative. A square matrix $A$ is called oscillatory if it is TN and some power of $A$ is TP. A linear time-varying system is called an oscillatory discrete-time system (ODTS) if the matrix defining its evolution at each time $k$ is oscillatory. We analyze the properties of $n$-dimensional time-varying nonlinear discrete-time systems whose variational system is an ODTS, and show that they have a well-ordered behavior. More precisely, if the nonlinear system is time-varying and $T$-periodic then any trajectory either leaves any compact set or converges to an $(n-1)T$-periodic trajectory, that is, a subharmonic trajectory. These results hold for any dimension $n$. The analysis of such systems requires establishing that a line integral of the Jacobian of the nonlinear system is an oscillatory matrix. This is non-trivial, as the sum of two oscillatory matrices is not necessarily oscillatory, and this carries over to integrals. We derive several new sufficient conditions guaranteeing that the line integral of a matrix is oscillatory, and demonstrate how this yields interesting classes of discrete-time nonlinear systems that admit a well-ordered behavior.