# Characterization of SiPM Avalanche Triggering Probabilities

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a physics-based model for the avalanche triggering probability in SiPMs, accounting for wavelength and bias voltage, providing insights into device behavior and guiding future improvements.

## Contribution

A novel parameterization of SiPM avalanche triggering probability that links PDE to device physics and bias voltage across different wavelengths.

## Key findings

- Model accurately characterizes two Hamamatsu MPPCs and one FBK SiPM.
- Provides insights into electric field structure within SiPMs.
- Can be extended to other SiPM devices.

## Abstract

Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) are detectors sensitive to single photons that are used to detect scintillation and Cherenkov light in a variety of physics and medical-imaging applications. SiPMs measure single photons by amplifying the photo-generated carriers (electrons or holes) via a Geiger-mode avalanche. The Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) is the combined probability that a photon is absorbed in the active volume of the device with a subsequently triggered avalanche. Absorption and avalanche triggering probabilities are correlated since the latter probability depends on where the photon is absorbed. In this paper, we introduce a physics motivated parameterization of the avalanche triggering probability that describes the PDE of a SiPM as a function of its reverse bias voltage, at different wavelengths. This parameterization is based on the fact that in p-on-n SiPMs the induced avalanches are electron-driven in the ultra-violet and near-ultra-violet ranges, while they become increasingly hole-driven towards the near-infra-red range. The model has been successfully applied to characterize two Hamamatsu MPPCs and one FBK SiPM, and it can be extended to other SiPMs. Furthermore, this model provides key insight on the electric field structure within SiPMs, which can explain the limitation of existing devices and be used to optimize the performance of future SiPMs.