# Extrinsic Geometry and Linear Differential Equations

## TL;DR

This paper develops a unified algebraic framework linking extrinsic geometry of submanifolds in flag varieties to linear differential equations, providing invariants and algorithms for classification and rigidity results.

## Contribution

It introduces a categorical isomorphism between extrinsic geometries in flag varieties and involutive linear differential systems, along with an explicit cohomological invariant for classification.

## Key findings

- Established an algorithm for invariants of osculating maps.
- Proved the isomorphism between extrinsic geometries and differential systems.
- Identified cohomology groups controlling invariants and rigidity.

## Abstract

We give a unified method for the general equivalence problem of extrinsic geometry, on the basis of our formulation of a general extrinsic geometry as that of an osculating map $\varphi\colon (M,\mathfrak f) \to L/L^0 \subset \operatorname{Flag}(V,\phi)$ from a filtered manifold $(M,\mathfrak f)$ to a homogeneous space $L/L^0$ in a flag variety $\operatorname{Flag}(V,\phi)$, where $L$ is a finite-dimensional Lie group and $L^0$ its closed subgroup. We establish an algorithm to obtain the complete systems of invariants for the osculating maps which satisfy the reasonable regularity condition of constant symbol of type $(\mathfrak g_-, \operatorname{gr} V, L)$. We show the categorical isomorphism between the extrinsic geometries in flag varieties and the (weighted) involutive systems of linear differential equations of finite type. Therefore we also obtain a complete system of invariants for a general involutive systems of linear differential equations of finite type and of constant symbol. The invariants of an osculating map (or an involutive system of linear differential equations) are proved to be controlled by the cohomology group $H^1_+(\mathfrak g_-, \mathfrak l / \bar{\mathfrak g})$ which is defined algebraically from the symbol of the osculating map (resp. involutive system), and which, in many cases (in particular, if the symbol is associated with a simple Lie algebra and its irreducible representation), can be computed by the algebraic harmonic theory, and the vanishing of which gives rigidity theorems in various concrete geometries. We also extend the theory to the case when $L$ is infinite dimensional.