# Instance Segmentation of Biological Images Using Harmonic Embeddings

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel harmonic embedding-based instance segmentation method tailored for biological images, effectively handling densely packed, low-variation objects with high computational efficiency, outperforming previous approaches on benchmark datasets.

## Contribution

The paper proposes a new harmonic embedding approach for biological image segmentation, addressing density and size variability with improved accuracy and efficiency.

## Key findings

- Outperforms previous embedding-based methods on biological datasets.
- Achieves state-of-the-art results on CVPPP benchmark.
- Offers computational efficiency suitable for domain specialists.

## Abstract

We present a new instance segmentation approach tailored to biological images, where instances may correspond to individual cells, organisms or plant parts. Unlike instance segmentation for user photographs or road scenes, in biological data object instances may be particularly densely packed, the appearance variation may be particularly low, the processing power may be restricted, while, on the other hand, the variability of sizes of individual instances may be limited. The proposed approach successfully addresses these peculiarities. Our approach describes each object instance using an expectation of a limited number of sine waves with frequencies and phases adjusted to particular object sizes and densities. At train time, a fully-convolutional network is learned to predict the object embeddings at each pixel using a simple pixelwise regression loss, while at test time the instances are recovered using clustering in the embedding space. In the experiments, we show that our approach outperforms previous embedding-based instance segmentation approaches on a number of biological datasets, achieving state-of-the-art on a popular CVPPP benchmark. This excellent performance is combined with computational efficiency that is needed for deployment to domain specialists. The source code of the approach is available at https://github.com/kulikovv/harmonic