# 3D-printable portable open-source platform for low-cost lens-less holographic cellular imaging

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a low-cost, 3D-printable, open-source digital holographic microscope that uses off-the-shelf components to enable high-resolution cellular imaging in resource-limited settings.

## Contribution

It provides a fully open-source, portable, and affordable lens-less holographic imaging platform with demonstrated micron-scale resolution using simple, off-the-shelf parts and 3D-printed housing.

## Key findings

- Achieved 1.55 μm resolution with laser source
- Demonstrated imaging of micro-spheres, red blood cells, and plant cells
- Validated imaging capability with standardized test target

## Abstract

Digital holographic microscopy is an emerging potentially low-cost alternative to conventional light microscopy for micro-object imaging on earth, underwater and in space. Immediate access to micron-scale objects however requires a well-balanced system design and sophisticated reconstruction algorithms, that are commercially available, however not accessible cost-efficiently. Here, we present an open-source implementation of a lens-less digital inline holographic microscope platform, based on off-the-shelf optical, electronic and mechanical components, costing less than $ 190. It employs a Blu-Ray semiconductor-laser-pickup or a light-emitting-diode, a pinhole, a 3D-printed housing consisting of 3 parts and a single-board portable computer and camera with an open-source implementation of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff routine. We demonstrate 1.55 {\mu}m spatial resolution by laser-pickup and 3.91 {\mu}m by the light-emitting-diode source. The housing and mechanical components are 3D printed. Both printer and reconstruction software source codes are open. The light-weight microscope allows to image label-free micro-spheres of 6.5 {\mu}m diameter, human red-blood-cells of about 8 {\mu}m diameter as well as fast-growing plant Nicotiana-tabacum-BY-2 suspension cells with 50 {\mu}m sizes. The imaging capability is validated by imaging-contrast quantification involving a standardized test target. The presented 3D-printable portable open-source platform represents a fully-open design, low-cost modular and versatile imaging-solution for use in high- and low-resource areas of the world.