# Nonlinear dynamo models using quasi-biennial oscillations constrained by sunspot area data

## TL;DR

This study investigates the quasi-biennial oscillations in solar magnetic activity using sunspot data and nonlinear dynamo simulations, finding turbulent alpha-dynamos better replicate observed QBO features than Babcock-Leighton models.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a detailed analysis of QBOs in sunspot data and compares different nonlinear dynamo models, highlighting the effectiveness of turbulent alpha-dynamos in reproducing observed phenomena.

## Key findings

- QBOs are present in sunspot areas and show hemispheric differences.
- Turbulent alpha-dynamos produce decoupled hemispheres and QBO-like cycles.
- Babcock-Leighton dynamos fail to generate observed QBO features.

## Abstract

Contex: Solar magnetic activity exhibits variations with periods between 1.5--4 years, the so-called quasi-biennial oscillations (QBOs), in addition to the well-known 11-year Schwabe cycles. Solar dynamo is thought to be the responsible mechanism for generation of the QBOs. Aims: In this work, we analyse sunspot areas to investigate the spatial and temporal behaviour of the QBO signal and study the responsible physical mechanisms using simulations from fully nonlinear mean-field flux-transport dynamos. Methods: We investigated the behaviour of the QBOs in the sunspot area data in full disk, and northern and southern hemispheres, using wavelet and Fourier analyses. We also ran solar dynamos with two different approaches to generating a poloidal field from an existing toroidal field, Babcock-Leighton and turbulent $\alpha$ mechanisms. We then studied the simulated magnetic field strengths as well as meridional circulation and differential rotation rates using the same methods. Results: The results from the sunspot areas show that the QBOs are present in the full disk and hemispheric sunspot areas and they show slightly different spatial and temporal behaviours, indicating a slightly decoupled solar hemispheres. The QBO signal is generally intermittent and in-phase with the sunspot area data, surfacing when the solar activity is in maximum. The results from the BL-dynamos showed that they are neither capable of generating the slightly decoupled behaviour of solar hemispheres nor can they generate QBO-like signals. The turbulent $\alpha$-dynamos, on the other hand, generated decoupled hemispheres and some QBO-like shorter cycles. Conclusions: In conclusion, our simulations show that the turbulent $\alpha$-dynamos with the Lorentz force seems more efficient in generating the observed temporal and spatial behaviour of the QBO signal compared with those from the BL-dynamos.