# Bayesian Heatmaps: Probabilistic Classification with Multiple Unreliable Information Sources

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a Bayesian method for creating accurate spatial heatmaps from unreliable, sparse, and biased unstructured data sources, improving situation assessment in disaster response without needing gold-standard labels.

## Contribution

It presents a novel Bayesian framework that models source reliability and bias, enabling effective aggregation of diverse data for spatial classification without labeled data.

## Key findings

- Handles noisy and biased data sources effectively
- Improves prediction accuracy by inferring source reliability
- Reduces need for extensive crowdsourced data

## Abstract

Unstructured data from diverse sources, such as social media and aerial imagery, can provide valuable up-to-date information for intelligent situation assessment. Mining these different information sources could bring major benefits to applications such as situation awareness in disaster zones and mapping the spread of diseases. Such applications depend on classifying the situation across a region of interest, which can be depicted as a spatial "heatmap". Annotating unstructured data using crowdsourcing or automated classifiers produces individual classifications at sparse locations that typically contain many errors. We propose a novel Bayesian approach that models the relevance, error rates and bias of each information source, enabling us to learn a spatial Gaussian Process classifier by aggregating data from multiple sources with varying reliability and relevance. Our method does not require gold-labelled data and can make predictions at any location in an area of interest given only sparse observations. We show empirically that our approach can handle noisy and biased data sources, and that simultaneously inferring reliability and transferring information between neighbouring reports leads to more accurate predictions. We demonstrate our method on two real-world problems from disaster response, showing how our approach reduces the amount of crowdsourced data required and can be used to generate valuable heatmap visualisations from SMS messages and satellite images.