# Entanglement Content of Quantum Particle Excitations III. Graph Partition Functions

## TL;DR

This paper links entanglement measures in many-body quantum excited states to graph partition functions, providing a general proof that these relations hold across dimensions and shapes, with potential applications to various models.

## Contribution

It establishes a novel connection between entanglement measures and graph theory, extending previous results to higher dimensions and complex geometries, and offers a general proof in the free boson model.

## Key findings

- Entanglement measures relate to graph partition functions.
- The qubit state results hold in any dimension and shape.
- The proof applies to the massive free boson model and potentially beyond.

## Abstract

We consider two measures of entanglement, the logarithmic negativity and the entanglement entropy, between regions of space in excited states of many-body systems formed by a finite number of particle excitations. In parts I and II of the current series of papers, it has been shown in one-dimensional free-particle models that, in the limit of large system's and regions' sizes, the contribution from the particles is given by the entanglement of natural qubit states, representing the uniform distribution of particles in space. We show that the replica logarithmic negativity and R\'enyi entanglement entropy of such qubit states are equal to the partition functions of certain graphs, that encode the connectivity of the manifold induced by permutation twist fields. Using this new connection to graph theory, we provide a general proof, in the massive free boson model, that the qubit result holds in any dimensionality, and for any regions' shapes and connectivity. The proof is based on clustering and the permutation-twist exchange relations, and is potentially generalisable to other situations, such as lattice models, particle and hole excitations above generalised Gibbs ensembles, and interacting integrable models.