# Optimal global synchronization of partially forced Kuramoto oscillators

## TL;DR

This paper develops an effective low-dimensional model to analyze and optimize the global synchronization of large networks of Kuramoto oscillators with partial external forcing, providing analytical predictions and numerical validation.

## Contribution

It introduces a dimensional reduction approach and an optimization scheme for maximizing synchronization in partially forced Kuramoto networks.

## Key findings

- Optimal forced oscillators are those with natural frequencies farthest from the forcing frequency.
- The model accurately predicts critical parameters for synchronization onset.
- Numerical simulations confirm the effectiveness of the optimization strategy.

## Abstract

We consider the problem of global synchronization in a large random network of Kuramoto oscillators where some of them are subject to an external periodically driven force. We explore a recently proposed dimensional reduction approach and introduce an effective two-dimensional description for the problem. From the dimensionally reduced model, we obtain analytical predictions for some critical parameters necessary for the onset of a globally synchronized state in the system. Moreover, the low dimensional model also allows us to introduce an optimization scheme for the problem. Our main conclusion, which has been corroborated by exhaustive numerical simulations, is that for a given large random network of Kuramoto oscillators, with random natural frequencies $\omega_i$, such that a fraction of them is subject to an external periodic force with frequency $\Omega$, the best global synchronization properties correspond to the case where the fraction of the forced oscillators is chosen to be those ones such that $|\omega_i-\Omega|$ is maximal. Our results might shed some light on the structure and evolution of natural systems for which the presence or the absence of global synchronization are desired properties. Some properties of the optimal forced networks and its relation to recent results in the literature are also discussed.