# An Adapted Geographically Weighted Lasso(Ada-GWL) model for estimating metro ridership

## TL;DR

This paper introduces Ada-GWL, a novel local regression model that combines Lasso regularization with geographically weighted regression, tailored for accurate metro ridership estimation considering network-specific distances.

## Contribution

The study develops and validates Ada-GWL, a new model integrating local model selection and network-based distance metrics for improved metro ridership estimation.

## Key findings

- Ada-GWL outperforms traditional models in estimation accuracy.
- The model reveals spatial variation in ridership elasticities.
- Clustering analysis aligns with Shenzhen's land use policies.

## Abstract

Ridership estimation at station level plays a critical role in metro transportation planning. Among various existing ridership estimation methods, direct demand model has been recognized as an effective approach. However, existing direct demand models including Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) have rarely included local model selection in ridership estimation. In practice, acquiring insights into metro ridership under multiple influencing factors from a local perspective is important for passenger volume management and transportation planning operations adapting to local conditions. In this study, we propose an Adapted Geographically Weighted Lasso (Ada-GWL) framework for modelling metro ridership, which performs regression-coefficient shrinkage and local model selection. It takes metro network connection intermedia into account and adopts network-based distance metric instead of Euclidean-based distance metric, making it so-called adapted to the context of metro networks. The real-world case of Shenzhen Metro is used to validate the superiority of our proposed model. The results show that the Ada-GWL model performs the best compared with the global model (Ordinary Least Square (OLS), GWR, GWR calibrated with network-based distance metric and GWL in terms of estimation error of the dependent variable and goodness-of-fit. Through understanding the variation of each coefficient across space (elasticities) and variables selection of each station, it provides more realistic conclusions based on local analysis. Besides, through clustering analysis of the stations according to the regression coefficients, clusters' functional characteristics are found to be in compliance with the facts of the functional land use policy of Shenzhen. These results of the proposed Ada-GWL model demonstrate a great spatial explanatory power in transportation planning.