# A Formaldehyde Deep Field

## TL;DR

A formaldehyde deep field (FDF) using H2CO absorption lines against the CMB can serve as a mass-limited, redshift-independent survey of molecular gas in galaxies, aiding studies of star formation and galaxy evolution.

## Contribution

This paper proposes a novel formaldehyde deep field (FDF) method to map molecular gas across cosmic history using H2CO absorption lines against the CMB.

## Key findings

- FDF can span redshifts z=0-7.
- H2CO line ratios measure H2 density at z > 0.45.
- Provides a mass-limited, blind survey of molecular gas.

## Abstract

Formaldehyde (H2CO) is often observed at centimeter wavelengths as an absorption line against the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This is possible when energy level populations are cooled to the point where line excitation temperatures fall below the local CMB temperature. Collisions with molecular hydrogen "pump" this anti-maser excitation, and the cm line ratios of H2CO provide a measurement of the local H2 density. H2CO absorption of CMB light provides all of the benefits of absorption lines (no distance dimming) but none of the drawbacks: the CMB provides uniform illumination of all molecular gas in galaxies (no pencil beam sampling), and all galaxies lie in front of the CMB - no fortuitous alignments with background light sources are needed. A formaldehyde deep field (FDF) would therefore provide a blind, mass-limited survey of molecular gas across the history of star formation and galaxy evolution. Moreover, the combination of column density and number density measurements may provide geometric distances in large galaxy samples and at higher redshifts than can be done using the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect in galaxy clusters. We present a fiducial FDF that would span redshifts z=0-7 and provide H2CO line ratios to measure n(H2) for z > 0.45.