# Invariant Theory and Orientational Phase Transitions

## TL;DR

This paper addresses challenges in applying Landau theory to complex rotational symmetry breaking in particle clusters, proposing a geometric invariant analysis combined with visualization to resolve issues of stability and invariant proliferation.

## Contribution

It introduces a geometric invariant analysis method, inspired by Higgs potential studies, to better understand symmetry breaking in complex particle clusters.

## Key findings

- Resolved thermodynamic instability issues in symmetry-breaking states.
- Demonstrated the approach on simulations of particles on spherical surfaces.
- Applied the method to protein shell ordering.

## Abstract

The Landau theory of phase transitions has been productively applied to phase transitions that involve rotational symmetry breaking, such as the transition from an isotropic fluid to a nematic liquid crystal. It even can be applied to the orientational symmetry breaking of simple atomic or molecular clusters that are not true phase transitions. In this paper we address fundamental problems that arise with the Landau theory when it is applied to rotational symmetry breaking transitions of more complex particle clusters that involve order parameters characterized by larger values of the $l$ index of the dominant spherical harmonic that describes the broken symmetry state. The problems are twofold. First, one may encounter a thermodynamic instability of the expected ground state with respect to states with lower symmetry. A second problem concerns the proliferation of quartic invariants that may or may not be physical. We show that the combination of a geometrical method based on the analysis of the space of invariants, developed by Kim to study symmetry breaking of the Higgs potential, with modern visualization tools provides a resolution to these problems. The approach is applied to the outcome of numerical simulations of particle ordering on a spherical surface and to the ordering of protein shells.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/1904.00468