# Gravitational-wave luminosity distance in quantum gravity

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how quantum gravity theories with dimensional flow affect gravitational wave luminosity distances, providing constraints using multimessenger observations and highlighting potential observable signals in quantum geometries.

## Contribution

It is the first study to analyze the impact of quantum gravity dimensional flow on gravitational wave luminosity distances and to constrain these effects with multimessenger data.

## Key findings

- Quantum gravity models can produce observable effects in gravitational wave signals.
- Constraints from GW170817 and LISA can limit quantum gravity theories.
- Quantum geometries like group field theory and loop quantum gravity may have detectable signatures.

## Abstract

Dimensional flow, the scale dependence of the dimensionality of spacetime, is a feature shared by many theories of quantum gravity (QG). We present the first study of the consequences of QG dimensional flow for the luminosity distance scaling of gravitational waves in the frequency ranges of LIGO and LISA. We find generic modifications with respect to the standard general-relativistic scaling, largely independent of specific QG proposals. We constrain these effects using two examples of multimessenger standard sirens, the binary neutron-star merger GW170817 and a simulated supermassive black-hole merger event detectable with LISA. We apply these constraints to various QG candidates, finding that the quantum geometries of group field theory, spin foams and loop quantum gravity can give rise to observable signals in the gravitational-wave spin-2 sector. Our results complement and improve GW propagation-speed bounds on modified dispersion relations. Under more model-dependent assumptions, we also show that bounds on quantum geometry can be strengthened by solar-system tests.