# Minimal cosmological masses for photons and gluons

## TL;DR

This paper proposes that photons and gluons may have tiny non-zero masses derived from cosmological scales, leading to Bose-Einstein condensates that connect fundamental constants with cosmological phenomena.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel conjecture linking minimal photon and gluon masses to cosmological scales and explores their implications for Bose-Einstein condensates in the universe.

## Key findings

- Photon and gluon condensates have inter-particle distances near the nucleon scale.
- Critical temperature for condensation is near the quark epoch.
- Relations among fundamental constants emerge from the condensate properties.

## Abstract

I conjecture non-zero photon and gluon bare masses derived from a cosmological scale. That entails the existence of photon and gluon Bose-Einstein (BE) condensates in a comoving Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker geometry. I derive tantalizing results that set the inter-particle distance in these BE condensates almost at the nucleon scale and a corresponding critical temperature of condensation almost at the end of the quark epoch or the beginning of quark-gluon confinement. My estimates for particle mass and number density in these BE condensates suggest remarkable relations among fundamental constants, $h, c, G, \Lambda$, at the most microscopic and cosmological scales of quantum and relativity theories.