# The anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices of some protoplanetary disks may be explained by dust self-scattering

## TL;DR

This paper proposes that high dust albedo and optically thick emission can explain the anomalously low (sub)millimeter spectral indices observed in some protoplanetary disks, challenging previous assumptions of measurement errors.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that dust self-scattering with high albedo can produce low spectral indices, aligning with observed dust grain sizes from polarimetric data.

## Key findings

- High dust albedo can cause low spectral indices in optically thick regions.
- Dust maximum grain size of 10-100 microns explains the observations.
- Measuring Stokes I spectral index helps distinguish dust scattering from grain alignment.

## Abstract

Previous (sub)millimeter observations have found that the spectral indices of dust emission from some young stellar objects are lower than that of the black body emission in the Rayleigh-Jeans limit (i.e., 2.0). In particular, the recent Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations have spatially resolved that the innermost regions of the protoplanetary disks TW\,Hya and HD\,163296 present anomalously low (i.e., $<$2.0) millimeter spectral indices. In some previous works, such anomalously low millimeter spectral indices were considered unphysical and were attributed to measurement errors. The present work clarifies that if the albedo is high and is increasing with frequency, it is possible to reproduce such anomalously low spectral indices when the emission source is optically thick. In addition, to yield lower than 2.0 spectral index at (sub)millimeter bands, the required dust maximum grain size \amax is on the order of 10-100 \micron, which is very well consistent with the previously derived \amax values based on multi-wavelength dust polarimetric observations. In light of this, measuring Stokes I spectral index may also serve as an auxiliary approach for assessing whether the observed dust polarization is mainly due to dust scattering or is due to the aligned dust grains.