# Cryptographic key distribution over a public network via variance-based watermarking in compressive measurements

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a secure cryptographic key distribution protocol using watermarking in photon-counting compressive imaging, enabling identity authentication and tampering detection over public networks.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel watermarking-based key distribution method utilizing variance characteristics in compressive measurements for optical security.

## Key findings

- Secure key extraction via watermarking and variance analysis
- Tampering detection through reconstructed image verification
- Practical implementation advances optical security applications

## Abstract

The optical communication has an increasing need for security in public transmission scenarios. Here we present a protocol for cryptographic key distribution over a public network via photon-counting compressive imaging system with watermarking, which utilizes watermarking technique to distribute secure keys, and uses reconstructed images for simultaneous identity authentication and tampering identification. The watermark is embedded in the rearranged compressed measurements of the object, and then the signal is transmitted through a public network. At the receiving terminal, the legitimate users can easily extract the watermark as the cryptographic key by using initial keys and the variance characteristic of random measurements. Artificial tampering and attacks can be detected by the accurately retrieved images. The realization of this protocol is a step forward toward the practical applications, and will be beneficial for the broader fields of optical security in many ways.