# Structure functions at small x from world-lines. I: Unpolarized distributions

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a world-line approach to calculate unpolarized structure functions at small x in QCD, recovering the dipole model within a shockwave approximation, and offers a new framework for understanding deep inelastic scattering.

## Contribution

It develops a novel world-line method for computing unpolarized structure functions at small x, connecting quantum field theory with the dipole model in QCD.

## Key findings

- Recovers the dipole model for unpolarized structure functions in the shockwave approximation.
- Provides a new computational framework using world-line techniques for small x physics.
- Lays groundwork for future polarized structure function calculations.

## Abstract

The world-line representation of quantum field theory is a powerful framework for the computation of perturbative multi-leg Feynman amplitudes. In particular, in gauge theories, it provides an efficient way, via point particle Grassmann functional integrals, to compute spinor and color traces in these amplitudes. Further, semi-classical approximations to quantum mechanical world-line trajectories provide useful intuition in a wide range of dynamical problems. We develop here the world-line approach to compute deeply inelastic structure functions in the small x Regge limit of QCD. In particular, in a shockwave approximation valid in this limit, we show how one recovers the well-known dipole model for unpolarized structure functions. In a follow-up work, we will discuss the world-line computation of polarized structure functions at small x.