# Benchmark values for the net proton number fluctuations

## TL;DR

This paper develops a baseline model for net-proton number fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions, incorporating baryon conservation, nucleon fluctuations, acceptance effects, and isospin memory, with predictions for rapidity-dependent cumulants.

## Contribution

It introduces a two-component model distinguishing wounded nucleons and produced pairs, providing detailed rapidity-dependent fluctuation predictions.

## Key findings

- Model accounts for baryon conservation and nucleon fluctuations.
- Predicts rapidity dependence of net-proton cumulants.
- Offers baseline for interpreting fluctuation measurements.

## Abstract

We formulate a baseline model for the net-proton number fluctuations in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Our model includes total baryon number conservation, fluctuations of the participating nucleon number, limited acceptance, and a possibility that isospin is remembered by the participating wounded nucleons. Most importantly, we formulated the model as consisting of two components: wounded nucleons and the produced nucleon-antinucleon pairs. Those two components have different rapidity distributions. Owing to this feature we obtain also predictions for the rapidity dependence of the cumulants of the net-proton number distribution and their ratios.