Transformation of the singular skeleton in optical-vortex beams diffracted by a rectilinear phase step

TL;DR

This paper numerically investigates how a rectilinear phase step affects the singular skeleton of optical vortex beams, revealing controllable topological reactions and OV dynamics useful for diagnostics and manipulation.

Contribution

It provides a detailed numerical analysis of OV interactions and transformations caused by phase steps, highlighting new control mechanisms for OV structures in optical beams.

Findings

Weak phase steps shift OV positions along closed loops.

Strong phase steps induce topological reactions with singularity creation and annihilation.

OV trajectories exhibit complex 3D behaviors with kinks and retrograde segments.

Abstract

Based on the Kirchhoff-Fresnel approximation, we numerically analyze spatial characteristics of the light field formed after a circular Laguerre-Gaussian beam with a single-charged optical vortex (OV) passes the transparent screen with a rectilinear phase step. The main attention is paid to the localization and interactions of the OVs, which form the singular skeleton of the transformed field. The phase-step influence depends on its value and position with respect to the beam axis. Upon "weak perturbation" (low phase step) the main effect is that the OV is shifted from the initial axial position and describes a closed loop when the phase step is monotonously translated across the beam. The "strong perturbation" (the phase step is close to pi) induces topological reactions with emergence and annihilation of additional singularities in the near-axial region of the diffracted beam cross section. These features are interpreted based on the 3D OV trajectories that show an intricate behavior with kinks and "retrograde" segments. The details of the OV migration and singular skeleton transformations reveal the fundamental helical nature and transverse energy circulation in the OV beams. The numerical results obtained in this paper show possibilities for the purposeful control of the singular skeleton characteristics within the transformed beam, and can be useful for the OV diagnostics, OV metrology and micromanipulation techniques.