# Weak Electric-Field Detection with Sub-1 Hz Resolution at Radio Frequencies Using A Rydberg Atom-Based Mixer

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a novel Rydberg atom-based RF mixer capable of detecting extremely weak electric fields with sub-Hz frequency resolution, surpassing traditional electromagnetically induced transparency methods.

## Contribution

The authors introduce a Rydberg atom-based RF mixer that achieves weak E-field detection below the Autler-Townes regime with better than 1 Hz frequency discrimination.

## Key findings

- Detected E-fields as low as 46 mV/m with ±2 mV/m accuracy.
- Discriminated neighboring signals 0.1 Hz apart without leakage.
- Maintained low leakage for signals 1 Hz away and +60 dB above the target.

## Abstract

Rydberg atoms have been used for measuring radio-frequency (RF) electric (E)-fields due to their strong dipole moments over the frequency range of 500 MHz-1 THz. For this, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) within the Autler-Townes (AT) regime is used such that the detected E-field is proportional to AT splitting. However, for weak E-fields AT peak separation becomes unresolvable thus limiting the minimum detectable E-field. Here, we demonstrate using the Rydberg atoms as an RF mixer for weak E-field detection well below the AT regime with frequency discrimination better than 1 Hz resolution. Two E-fields incident on a vapor cell filled with cesium atoms are used. One E-field at 19.626000 GHz drives the 34D_(5/2)->5P_(3/2) Rydberg transition and acts as a local oscillator (LO) and a second signal E-field (Sig) of interest is at 19.626090 GHz. In the presence of the LO, the Rydberg atoms naturally down convert the Sig field to a 90 kHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal. This IF signal manifests as an oscillation in the probe laser intensity through the Rydberg vapor and is easily detected with a photodiode and lock-in amplifier. In the configuration used here, E-field strength down to ? 46 mV/m +/-2 mV/m were detected. Furthermore, neighboring fields 0.1 Hz away and equal in strength to Sig could be discriminated without any leakage into the lock-in signal. For signals 1 Hz away and as high as +60 dB above Sig, leakage into the lock-in signal could be kept below -3 dB.