Design Principles for Self-forming Interfaces Enabling Stable Lithium Metal Anodes

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the composition and structure of solid-electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) influence lithium metal anode stability, proposing design principles for stable, high-performance SEIs to enable better lithium metal batteries.

Contribution

It establishes key descriptors for SEI performance and demonstrates a rational design approach for stable, high-efficiency lithium metal anodes.

Findings

Identified ionicity and compactness as key SEI descriptors

Designed a highly ionic, compact SEI with excellent cycling stability

Provided guidelines for SEI modifier selection and optimization

Abstract

The path toward Li-ion batteries with higher energy-densities will likely involve use of thin lithium metal (Li) anode (<50 $\mu$m in thickness), whose cyclability today remains limited by dendrite formation and low Coulombic efficiency. Previous studies have shown that the solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) of Li metal plays a crucial role in Li electrodeposition and stripping. However, design rules for optimal SEIs on lithium metal are not well-established. Here, using integrated experimental and modeling studies on a series of structurally-similar SEI-modifying compounds as model systems, we reveal the relationship between SEI compositions, Li deposition morphology and coulombic efficiency, and identify two key descriptors (ionicity and compactness) for high performance SEIs through integrated experimental and modeling studies. Using this understanding, we design a highly ionic and compact SEI that shows excellent cycling performance in LiCoO$_2$-Li full cells at practical current densities. Our results provide guidance for the rational selection and optimization of SEI modifiers to further improve Li metal anodes.