# Directional limits on persistent gravitational waves using data from Advanced LIGO's first two observing runs

## TL;DR

This paper conducts an unmodeled search for persistent directional gravitational wave sources using Advanced LIGO data, setting new upper limits on GW flux and energy density, and analyzing specific astrophysical directions.

## Contribution

It introduces improved upper limits on broadband and narrowband gravitational wave emissions from point and extended sources, enhancing sensitivity over previous searches.

## Key findings

- No evidence of persistent GW signals was found.
- Established new upper limits on GW flux and energy density at 25 Hz.
- Identified a marginal outlier at 36.06 Hz, which was not persistent.

## Abstract

We perform an unmodeled search for persistent, directional gravitational wave (GW) sources using data from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO. We do not find evidence for any GW signals. We place limits on the broadband GW flux emitted at 25~Hz from point sources with a power law spectrum at $F_{\alpha,\Theta} <(0.05-25)\times 10^{-8} ~{\rm erg\,cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}\,Hz^{-1}}$ and the (normalized) energy density spectrum in GWs at 25 Hz from extended sources at $\Omega_{\alpha}(\Theta) <(0.19-2.89)\times 10^{-8} ~{\rm sr^{-1}}$ where $\alpha$ is the spectral index of the energy density spectrum. These represent improvements of $2.5-3\times$ over previous limits. We also consider point sources emitting GWs at a single frequency, targeting the directions of Sco X-1, SN 1987A, and the Galactic Center. The best upper limits on the strain amplitude of a potential source in these three directions range from $h_0 < (3.6-4.7)\times 10^{-25}$, 1.5$\times$ better than previous limits set with the same analysis method. We also report on a marginally significant outlier at 36.06~Hz. This outlier is not consistent with a persistent gravitational-wave source as its significance diminishes when combining all of the available data.