The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - Project Implementation Plan

TL;DR

The CLIC project aims to build a high-energy linear collider with staged energies up to 3 TeV, utilizing advanced acceleration technology, to explore fundamental physics over a 25-30 year research program.

Contribution

This document outlines the design, technological innovations, and implementation plan for the CLIC accelerator, including recent optimizations and cost estimates.

Findings

Energy efficiency improved to around 170 MW for 380 GeV stage

Cost estimate reduced to approximately 6 billion CHF

Construction could start in 2026 with first beams by 2035

Abstract

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development by international collaborations hosted by CERN. This document provides an overview of the design, technology, and implementation aspects of the CLIC accelerator. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, for a site length ranging between 11 km and 50 km. CLIC uses a Two-Beam acceleration scheme, in which normal-conducting high-gradient 12 GHz accelerating structures are powered via a high-current Drive Beam. For the first stage, an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC accelerator optimisation, technical developments, and system tests have resulted insignificant progress in recent years. Moreover, this has led to an increased energy efficiency and reduced power consumption of around 170 MW for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate of approximately 6 billion CHF. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage could start as early as 2026 and first beams would be available by 2035, marking the beginning of a physics programme spanning 25-30 years and providing excellent sensitivity to Beyond Standard Model physics, through direct searches and via a broad set of precision measurements of Standard Model processes, particularly in the Higgs and top-quark sectors.

Tables

Table 1. Table 1.1: Laser and electron parameters for the polarized electron source and comparison with experimentally achieved results.

	CLIC 1 GHz	CLIC DC/SLAC Demo
Electrons
Number of electrons per bunch (109)	6	1365
Charge/single bunch (nC)	0.96	NA
Charge/macrobunch (nC)	338	300
Bunch spacing (ns)	0.5	DC
RF frequeny (GHz)	2	DC
Bunch length at cathode (ps)	100	DC
Number of bunches	352	NA
Repetition rate (Hz)	50	50
QE (%)	0.3	0.3
Polarization	$>$80 %	$>$80 %
Circular polarization	$>$99 %	$>$99 %
Laser
Laser wavelength (nm)	780-880	865
Energy/micropulse on cathode (nJ)	320	—
Energy/macropulse on cathode ($\mu$J)	113	190
Energy/micropulse laser room (nJ)	1000	—
Energy/macrop. Laser room ($\mu$J)	350	633
Peak power per pulse (kW)	2	2
Average power at cathode wavelength (mW)	8	9.5

Table 2. Table 1.2: A summary of the module characteristics in the Klystron-based accelerator

Module and RF Structure Characteristics	Values
Cells / structure	33
SAS length [m]	0.542
SAS / T0 module	4
SAS / T1 module	3
SAS / T2 module	2
Average accelerating gradient [MV/m]	72
Input power / structure [MW]	59.7
RF Frequency [GHz]	12
Module length [m]	2.343
DBQ / module	2

Table 3. Table 1.3: Power dissipation in the DB module under unloaded conditions (case of a T0 module)

Module Component	Number	Item Dissipation [W]	Total Dissipation [W]
SAS	4	772	3,088
PETS	4	11	42
SAS RF Loads	16	168	2,690
Waveguides	4	60	241
DBQs	2	171	342
Total per module			6,403

Table 4. Table 1.4: Summary of beam and RF structure characteristics in the klystron-based accelerator.

Beam Parameters	Value
Particles / bunch [x109]	3.87
Bunches / train	485
Train length [ns]	242
Bunch separation [ns]	0.5
RF Structure Characteristics	Value
Cells / structure	28
Structures / module	8
Accelerating gradient [MV/m]	75
Structure input power [MW]	40.6
Module input power [MW]	340
RF Frequency [GHz]	12

Table 5. Table 1.5: Power dissipation in the klystron-based module under loaded conditions

Module Component	Number	Item Dissipation [W]	Total Dissipation [W]
SAS	4	1,100	4,400
SAS RF Loads	16	178	2,842
Waveguides	1	1,034	1,034
Total per module			8,276

Table 6. Table 1.6: The klystron peak power and pulse length adopted for the CLIC accelerator unit.

Pulse (ns)	1,002	1,336	1,670	2,004	2,338	2,672	3,006
Power (MW)	79.8	63.5	55.9	51.4	48.6	46.7	45.5

Table 7. Table 1.7: Specifications for the klystron and modulator for the Drive Beam.

Main parameter	380 GeV	1.5 TeV	3 TeV
Frequency [MHz]	999.516	999.516	999.516
Number of Klystrons	446	540	1080
RF Peak Power MW	20	20	20
RF Average Power [kW]	48	148	148
Pulse Length [$\mu$s]	48	148	148
Pulse Repetition Rate [Hz]	50	50	50
Klystron Efficiency [%]	70	70	70
Klystron Perveance [$\mu$perve]	2.8	2.8	2.8
Modulator Voltage [kV]	160-170	160-170	160-170
Peak Pulse Current [A]	180	180	180
Modulator Average Power [kW]	84	244	244
Klystron Solenoid Average Power [kW]	5	5	5
Klystron Heater Power [kW]	1	1	1
Average Power Consumption [MW]	40.1	135	270
Flat-Top Stability [%]	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pulse-to-Pulse Repeatability [ppm]	50	50	50
Rise and fall times (trise, tfall) [$\mu$s]	3,3	3,3	3,3
Voltage Settling Time (tset) [$\mu$s]	5	5	5

Table 8. Table 1.8: Parameters for dual X-band klystron modulator.

Main Parameters	Existing klystron modulator	Future high-efficiency, dual klystron modulator
RF Peak Power	50 MW	2 x 53 MW
RF Average Power	3.75 kW	2 x 5.3 kW
Pulse Length	1.5 $\mu$S	2 $\mu$S
Pulse Repetition Rate	50 Hz	50 Hz
Klystron Efficiency	44 %	70 %
Perveance	1.15 $\mu$perv	0.75 $\mu$perv
Modulator Voltage	420 kV	400 kV
Peak Pulse Current	2 x 310 A	2 x 190 A
Modulator Average Power	24.597 kW	21.85 kW
Klystron Solenoid Average Power (Super Conducting Solenoid Average power)	20 kW	20 kW (1.6 kW)
Klystron Heater Power	1 kW	1 kW
Average Power Consumption (5,800 klystrons, 2900 modulators)	193.131 MW	185.169.4 MW (78.469 MW) SC Solenoids
Flat-Top Stability (FTS)	+/- 0.25 %	+/- 0.25 %
Pulse to pulse repeatability (PPR)	0.01 %	0.01 %
Rise and fall times (trise, tfall)	1 $\mu$s	1.2 $\mu$s

Table 9. Table 1.9: Overview of parameters for various RF structures for the Drive Beam generation for 3 TeV (380 GeV numbers in brackets)

	DBA	RFD DL	RFD CR1	RFD CR2
Operating frequency [GHz]	999.5	0.5	2	3
Number of structures	1638 (459)	2	2	6
Active structure length [mm]	240	600	450	150
Number of cells per structure	23
Pulse length [$\mu$s]	150 (48)	140	140	140
Aperture diameter [mm]	98	50	40	40
Filling time [ns]	245	110	80	16
Input peak power [MW]	18	50	50	50
Accelerating gradient unloaded [MV/m]	6.6	11	13	14
Accelerating gradient loaded [MV/m]	3.4	-	-	-

Table 10. Table 1.10: RF parameters for the Main Linac RF structures working at 11.994 GHz. The Main-Beam accelerating structure has been optimized for the 380 GeV initial stage both Drive Beam [ 154 ] and klystron based [ 155 ] as well as for the 3 TeVstage [ 156 ] .

	Main Beam Accelerator			PETS		Crab
	380 GeV		3 TeV	380 GeV	3 TeV
	DB	Klystron
Number of structures	20,592	23,296	143,232	10,296	71,616	2
Active structure length [mm]	272	230	230
Number of cells	33	28	28	33	34	12
Pulse length [us]	0.244			0.244		$\sim$200
Aperture diameter [mm]	8.2-5.2	7.25-4.5	6.3-4.7	23	23	10
Filling time [ns]	55.75	63.75	66.27	1.52	1.55
Input peak power [MW]	59.2	40.6	61.1	123.3	127.3	20
Average Q factor	5504	5846	5843	7200	7200
Accelerating voltage unloaded [MV]	92.2	94.9	27.8	-	-	2.55
Accelerating voltage loaded [MV]	72	75	100	-	-

Table 11. Table 1.11: Number of beam instruments for the Drive and Main Beams

Instrument	Drive Beam	Main Beam
Intensity	50	130
Position	7,875	4,165
Beam Size	80	110
Energy	50	30
Energy Spread	50	30
Bunch Length	60	30
Beam Loss /Halo	7,790	4,950
Beam Polarization		20
Tune		6
Luminosity		2
Total	15,955	9,475

Table 12. Table 1.12: Sensors configuration for 380 GeV DB option.

	AS, BPM in $\mu$m		MB quad in $\mu$m		DB quad in $\mu$m
	(2012)	(2018)	(2012)	(2018)	(2012)	(2018)
Fiducialisation	5 (TBC)		10 (TBC)	10 (TBC)
Fiducials to pre-ali. sensor interface	5		5
Pre-alignment sensor accuracy	5	5	5	5	5	5
Sensor linearity	5	5	5	5	5	5
Straight reference	10 (TBC)	7 (rad., vert. TBC)	10 (TBC)	7 (rad., vert. TBC)	10 (TBC)	7 (rad., vert. TBC)
Total error budget	14	11	17	11	20	11

Table 13. Table 1.13: Characteristics of common inertial sensors [ 217 , 218 , 219 ]

Name	Range	Freq. res.	Sensitivity	Susp. mass	Size
	[Hz]	[Hz]	[V/(m/s)]	[g]	[mm]
GS1	$\ge$1	1	40	700	160x75
GS11D	$\ge$4,5	4.5	23	23	33x31
L4C	$\ge$1	1	276	1000	76x130
STS-2	0.008-50	0.0083	1500		230x235
CMG-3ESP	0.03-500	0.03	1000	8	168x258
CMG-6T	0.03-100	0.03	2000	2.5	154x205
SP500	0.016-75		2000	0.75	502x100

Table 14. Table 1.14: Sensor Bandwidth and Noise Level [ 230 ]

Sensor	Bandwidth [Hz]	Effective bandwidth [Hz]	Noise level R.M.S.
	(constructor data)	(measured)	@ 4 Hz [nm]
CMG-6T	0.03-100	0.1-0.8 U 4-60	0.1
731-A	0.01-500	8-150	0.5
LAPP	0.1-3000	0.1-100	0.04

Table 15. Table 1.15: List of prototypes that reached the requirements

Prototype	Integrated R.M.S. (nm)	R.M.S. Ratio	Set-up	Remark
1. Membrane one d.o.f [208]	0.3 (1 Hz) 0.6 (1 Hz) 0.2 (4 Hz)	Ratio 6 Ratio 10 Ratio 8.5	FF+FB Analogue	Down scaled
2. Tripod [249]	0.9 (1 Hz) 0.7 (4 Hz)	Ratio 2-2.5	FB Digital	Down scaled
3. Two d.o.f. x-y [208]	0.5 (1 Hz)	Ratio 9	FF + FB Analogue Hybrid	Real scale
4. Magnet tripod [208]	0.45 (1 Hz) 0.35 (4 Hz)	Ratio 13.3	FF + FB Analogue Hybrid	Real scale, Measured with nominal magnet field and cooling water flow
5. LAPP [233, 250]	0.25 (4 Hz)	Ratio 8.5	FB Digital	Down scaled

Table 16. Table 1.16: DR Extraction Kicker Specifications

Parameter	DR
Beam Energy (GeV)	2.86
Deflection Angle (mrad)	1.5
Aperture (mm)	20
Field maximum rise and fall time (ns)	1000
Pulse flat-top duration (ns)	$\sim$160 or 900
Flat-top reproducibility	$\pm$1x10-4
Stability	$\pm$2x10-4
Field inhomogeneity (%), over 1 mm radius	$\pm$0.01∗
Repetition rate (Hz)	50
Available length (m)	$\sim$1.7
Vacuum (mbar)	10${}_{}{}^{-}10$
Pulse voltage per stripline (kV)	$\pm$12.5
Stripline pulse current (A)	$\pm$309

Table 17. Table 1.17: List of magnet types for both 380 GeV and 3 TeV.

	380 GeV		3 TeV
	No. variants	No. units	No. variants	No. units
Dipoles
Combined function	3	160	-	-
Bending dipole	3	152	4	1028
Quadrupole	4	796	4	5451
Sextupole	3	644	3	1804
Corrector dipole	1	796	3	3813
Main-Beam Linac
MBQ Quadrupole	2	1148	4	4020
Corrector dipole	2	1148	4	4020
DBQ Quadrupole	1	5952	1	41400
Damping Rings
Combined function	1	180
Bending dipole	1	76
Quadrupole	6	1240
Sextupole	2	636
Skew quadrupole	2	580
Corrector dipole	2	1228
Ring to Main Linac Transport
Bending dipole	5	718	5	708
Quadrupole	9	1674	10	1747
Sextupole	2	541	2	536
Beam Delivery System
Bending dipole	12	206	12	206
Quadrupole	63	134	63	134
Sextupole	8	30	8	30
Octupole	2	2	2	2
Post Collision Line
Bending dipole	5	18	5	18
Total	139	18059	130	64917

Table 18. Table 1.18: Main baseline parameters of Nb-Ti wiggler for CLIC

Period	49	mm
Magnet length	1864	mm
Number of full field poles	72
Magnetic Field	3.5	T
K	$\sim$ 16
Vacuum gap cold	10	mm
Magnetic gap cold	12	mm
Length flange to flange	2590	mm
Maximum ramping time	5	min
Power supply stability	10-4
Beam heat load	50	W
Period for LHe refill with beam	$>$ 6	month
Field stability for two weeks	$\pm$10-4

Table 19. Table 1.19: Peak energy and total power on the water dump and on the titanium vessel/window for the un-collided and the collided beam scenarios. Statistical uncertainties on the total values are below 0.1%.

	Max		Total power
	[J cm-3 per bunch train]		[W]
	uncollided	collided	uncollided	collided
H2O	230 $\pm$ 1	9.10 $\pm$ 0.01	13.8 M	13.4 M
Ti window	4.35 $\pm$ 0.36	83.8 $\pm$ 1.0 m	6.24	4.91
Ti vessel (side)	569 $\pm$ 18 $\mu$	903 $\pm$ 29 $\mu$	8.45 k	9.07 k
Ti vessel (upstr. face)	32.0 $\pm$ 13.2$\mu$	2.15 $\pm$ 0.13 m	9.07	45.7
Ti vessel (dwnstr. face)	245 $\pm$ 6 m	39.1 $\pm$ 6.2 m	1.12 k	944

Equations

$$C_{xy}\left(f\right)=\frac{{\left|P_{xy}(f)\right|}^2}{P_{xx}\left(f\right)P_{yy}\left(f\right)}$$

$$L\left(s\right)=G\frac{\frac{1}{{{\omega }_0}^2}{s}^2}{1+\frac{2\xi }{{\omega }_0}s+\frac{1}{{{\omega }_0}^2}{s}^2}{,{\omega }_0}^2=\frac{k}{m},\xi =\frac{c}{2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{m.k}},f_0=\frac{{\omega }_0}{2\pi }$$

$$a(t)=A\left(1+\alpha (t)\right)\sin (\omega t+\phi (t))$$

Full text

1. 1 Technologies

2. 1.1 Introduction

3. 1.2 Sources and Injectors

4. 1.3 The Klystron and Drive-Beam Modules

5. 1.4 Pulse Compression System for the Klystron-Based Option

6. 1.5 Klystrons and Modulators

7. 1.6 PETS and Accelerating Structures

8. 1.7 Beam Instrumentation

9. 1.8 Vacuum System

10. 1.9 Survey and Alignment

11. 1.10 Ground Motion

12. 1.11 Stabilisation

13. 1.12 Beam Transfer

14. 1.13 Normal Conducting Electro-Magnets and Permanent Magnets

15. 1.14 Super-Conducting Damping Wiggler

16. 1.15 Controls

17. 1.16 Fine Time Generation and Distribution

18. 1.17 Machine Protection

19. 1.18 Beam Interception Devices

20. 2 Conclusion

21. 2.1 Summary and Outlook

The CLIC accelerator collaboration

T.K. Charles, P.J. Giansiracusa, T.G. Lucas, R.P. Rassool, M. Volpi1

University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

C. Balazs

Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

A. Patapenka, I. Zhuk

Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research - Sosny, Minsk, Belarus

C. Collette

Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

M.J. Boland

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Y. Chi, X. He, G. Pei, S. Pei, G. Shu, X. Wang, J. Zhang, F. Zhao, Z. Zhou

Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

H. Chen, Y. Gao, W. Huang, Y.P. Kuang, B. Li, Y. Li, X. Meng, J. Shao, J. Shi, C. Tang, P. Wang, X. Wu, H. Zha

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

L. Ma, Y. Han

Shandong University, Jinan, China

W. Fang, Q. Gu, D. Huang, X. Huang, J. Tan, Z. Wang, Z. Zhao

Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

U. Uggerhøj, T.N. Wistisen

Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

A. Aabloo, R. Aare, K. Kuppart, S. Vigonski, V. Zadin

University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

M. Aicheler, E. Baibuz, E. Brücken, F. Djurabekova2, P. Eerola2, F. Garcia, E. Haeggström2, K. Huitu2, V. Jansson2, I. Kassamakov2, J. Kimari2, A. Kyritsakis, S. Lehti, A.  Meriläinen2, R. Montonen2, K. Nordlund2, K. Österberg2, A. Saressalo, J. Väinölä, M. Veske

Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

W. Farabolini, A. Mollard, F. Peauger3, J. Plouin

CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

P. Bambade, I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab, N. Delerue, M. Davier, A. Faus-Golfe, A. Irles, W. Kaabi, F. LeDiberder, R. Pöschl, D. Zerwas

Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université de Paris-Sud XI, IN2P3/CNRS, Orsay, France

B. Aimard, G. Balik, J.-J. Blaising, L. Brunetti, M. Chefdeville, A. Dominjon, C. Drancourt, N. Geoffroy, J. Jacquemier, A. Jeremie, Y. Karyotakis, J.M. Nappa, M. Serluca, S. Vilalte, G. Vouters

LAPP, Université de Savoie, IN2P3/CNRS, Annecy, France

A. Bernhard, E. Bründermann, S. Casalbuoni, S. Hillenbrand, J. Gethmann, A. Grau, E. Huttel, A.-S. Müller, I. Peric, P. Peiffer4, D. Saez de Jauregui

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany

T. Alexopoulos, T. Apostolopoulos5, E.N. Gazis, N. Gazis, V. Kostopoulos6, S. Kourkoulis

National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

B. Heilig

Department of Basic Geophysical Research, Mining and Geological Survey of Hungary, Tihany, Hungary

J. Lichtenberger

Space Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

P. Shrivastava

Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Department of Atomic Energy, Indore, India

M.K. Dayyani, H. Ghasem1, S.S. Hajari, H. Shaker1

The School of Particles and Accelerators, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Y. Ashkenazy, I. Popov, E. Engelberg, A. Yashar

Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

D. Alesini, M. Bellaveglia, B. Buonomo, A. Cardelli, M. Diomede, M. Ferrario, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, A. Giribono, L. Piersanti, A. Stella, C. Vaccarezza

INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

G. D’Auria, S. Di Mitri

Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy

T. Abe, A. Aryshev, M. Fukuda, K. Furukawa, H. Hayano, Y. Higashi, T. Higo, K. Kubo, S. Kuroda, S. Matsumoto, S. Michizono, T. Naito, T. Okugi, T. Shidara, T. Tauchi, N. Terunuma, J. Urakawa, A. Yamamoto1

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan

R. Raboanary

University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

O.J. Luiten, X.F.D. Stragier

Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands

R. Hart, H. van der Graaf

Nikhef, Amsterdam, Netherlands

E. Adli1, C.A. Lindstrøm, R. Lillestøl, L. Malina1, J. Pfingstner, K.N. Sjobak1

University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

A. Ahmad, H. Hoorani, W.A. Khan

National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan

P. Brückman de Renstrom, B. Krupa, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, B. Pawlik, P. Sopicki, T. Wojtoń, L. Zawiejski

*Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland *

A. Aloev, N. Azaryan, J. Budagov, M. Chizhov, M. Filippova, V. Glagolev, A. Gongadze, S. Grigoryan, D. Gudkov, V. Karjavine, M. Lyablin, A. Olyunin1, A. Samochkine, A. Sapronov, G. Shirkov, V. Soldatov, E. Solodko1, G. Trubnikov, I. Tyapkin, V. Uzhinsky, A. Vorozhtov

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

E. Levichev, N. Mezentsev, P. Piminov, D. Shatilov, P. Vobly, K. Zolotarev

Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

I. Bozovic-Jelisavcic, G. Kacarevic, G. Milutinovic-Dumbelovic, M. Pandurovic, N. Vukasinovic

Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

D.-H. Lee

School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea

N. Ayala, G. Benedetti, T. Guenzel, U. Iriso, Z. Marti, F. Perez, M. Pont

CELLS-ALBA, Barcelona, Spain

J. Calero, M. Dominguez, L. Garcia-Tabares, D. Gavela, D. Lopez, F. Toral

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain

C. Blanch Gutierrez, M. Boronat, D. Esperante1, J. Fuster, B. Gimeno, P. Gomis, D. González, M. Perelló, E. Ros, M.A. Villarejo, A. Vnuchenko, M. Vos

Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-UV), Valencia, Spain

Ch. Borgmann, R. Brenner, T. Ekelöf, M. Jacewicz, M. Olvegård, R. Ruber, V. Ziemann

Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

D. Aguglia, J. Alabau Gonzalvo M. Alcaide Leon, M. Anastasopoulos, A. Andersson, F. Andrianala7, F. Antoniou, A. Apyan, K. Artoos, S. Assly, S. Atieh, C. Baccigalupi, D. Banon Caballero, M.J. Barnes, J. Barranco Garcia, A. Bartalesi, J. Bauche, C. Bayar, C. Belver-Aguilar, A. Benot Morell8, M. Bernardini, D.R. Bett, S. Bettoni9, M. Bettencourt, B. Bielawski, O. Blanco Garcia, N. Blaskovic Kraljevic, B. Bolzon10, X.A. Bonnin, D. Bozzini, E. Branger, O. Brunner, H. Burkhardt, H. Bursali, D. Caiazza, S. Calatroni, B. Cassany, E. Castro, N. Catalan Lasheras, R.H. Cavaleiro Soares, M. Cerqueira Bastos, A. Cherif, E. Chevallay, V. Cilento11, B. Constance, R. Corsini, R. Costa12, S. Curt, Y. Cuvet, A. Dal Gobbo, E. Daskalaki, L. Deacon, A. Degiovanni, G. De Michele, L. De Oliveira, V. Del Pozo Romano, J.P. Delahaye, D. Delikaris, T. Dobers, S. Doebert, I. Doytchinov, M. Draper, A. Dubrovskiy, M. Duquenne, K. Elsener, J. Esberg, M. Esposito, L. Evans, V. Fedosseev, P. Ferracin, K. Foraz, A. Fowler, F. Friebel, J-F. Fuchs, A. Gaddi, D. Gamba, L. Garcia Fajardo13, H. Garcia Morales, C. Garion, M. Gasior, L. Gatignon, J-C. Gayde, A. Gerbershagen, H. Gerwig, G. Giambelli, A. Gilardi, A.N. Goldblatt, S. Gonzalez Anton, A. Grudiev, H. Guerin, F.G. Guillot-Vignot, M.L. Gutt-Mostowy, M. Hein Lutz, C. Hessler, J.K. Holma, E.B. Holzer, M. Hourican, E. Ikarios, Y. Inntjore Levinsen, S. Janssens, A. Jeff, E. Jensen, M. Jonker, S.W. Kamugasa, M. Kastriotou, J.M.K. Kemppinen, R.B. Kieffer, V. Khan, N. Kokkinis, O. Kononenko, A. Korsback, I. Kossyvakis, Z. Kostka, E. Koukovini Platia, J.W. Kovermann, C-I. Kozsar, A. Latina, F. Leaux, P. Lebrun, T. Lefevre, X. Liu, S. Magnoni, C. Maidana, H. Mainaud Durand, S. Mallows, E. Manosperti, C. Marelli, E. Marin Lacoma, C. Marrelli, S. Marsh, R. Martin, I. Martini, M. Martyanov, S. Mazzoni, G. Mcmonagle, L.M. Mether, C. Meynier, M. Modena, A. Moilanen, R. Mondello, P.B. Moniz Cabral, N. Mouriz Irazabal, T. Muranaka, J. Nadenau, J.G. Navarro, J.L. Navarro Quirante, E. Nebot Del Busto, P. Ninin, M. Nonis, J. Ögren , A. Olyunin, J. Osborne, A.C. Ouniche, R. Pan14, S. Papadopoulou, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Paraskaki, A. Pastushenko11, A. Passarelli, M. Patecki, L. Pazdera, D. Pellegrini, K. Pepitone, A. Perez Fontenla, T.H.B. Persson, S. Pitman, S. Pittet, F. Plassard, D. Popescu, R. Rajamaki, L. Remandet, Y. Renier14, S.F. Rey, O. Rey Orozco, G. Riddone, E. Rodriguez Castro, C. Rossi, F. Rossi, V. Rude, I. Ruehl, G. Rumolo, J. Sandomierski C. Sanz, J. Sauza Bedolla, H. Schmickler, D. Schulte, E. Senes, C. Serpico, G. Severino, N. Shipman, P.K. Skowronski, P. Sobrino Mompean, L. Soby, P. Sollander, A. Solodko, M.P. Sosin, S. Stapnes, G. Sterbini, G. Stern, M.J. Stuart, I. Syratchev, K. Szypula, F. Tecker, P.A. Thonet, P. Thrane, L. Timeo, H. Timko, M. Tiirakari, R. Tomas Garcia, C.I. Tomoiaga, A.L. Vamvakas, J. Van Horne, N. Vitoratou, V. Vlachakis, R. Wegner, M. Wendt, M. Widorski, O.E. Williams, B. Woolley W. Wuensch, J. Uythoven, A. Xydou, R. Yang, A. Zelios, Y. Zhao15, M. Zingl, P. Zisopoulos

CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

S. Guillaume, M. Rothacher

ETH Zurich, Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Zurich, Switzerland

M. Bopp, H.H. Braun, P. Craievich, M. Dehler, T. Garvey, M. Pedrozzi, J.Y. Raguin, L. Rivkin16, R. Zennaro

Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland

A.K. Ciftci

Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey

A. Aksoy, Z. Nergiz17, Ö. Yavas

Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

H. Denizli, U. Keskin

Department of Physics, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey

V. Baturin, O. Karpenko, R. Kholodov, O. Lebed, S. Lebedynskyi, S. Mordyk, I. Musienko, Ia. Profatilova, V. Storizhko

Institute of Applied Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sumy, Ukraine

W.A. Gillespie

University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

C. Beggan

British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

R.J. Apsimon18, I. Bailey18, G.C. Burt18, A.C. Dexter18, A.V. Edwards18, V. Hill18, S. Jamison, W.L. Millar18, K. Papke18

Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

T. Aumeyr, M. Bergamaschi1, L. Bobb19, A. Bosco, S. Boogert, G. Boorman, F. Cullinan, S. Gibson, P. Karataev, K. Kruchinin, K. Lekomtsev, A. Lyapin, L. Nevay, W. Shields, J. Snuverink, J. Towler, E. Yamakawa

The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom

V. Boisvert, S. West

Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom

R. Jones, N. Joshi

University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

D. Bett, R.M. Bodenstein1, T. Bromwich, P.N. Burrows1, G.B. Christian10, C. Gohil1, P. Korysko1, J. Paszkiewicz1, C. Perry, R. Ramjiawan, J. Roberts

John Adams Institute, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

A. Bainbridge18, J.A. Clarke18, N. Krumpa, B.J.A. Shepherd18, D. Walsh18

STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, United Kingdom

W. Gai, W. Liu, J. Power

Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA

C. Adolphsen, T. Barklow, V. Dolgashev, M. Franzi, N. Graf, J. Hewett, M. Kemp, T. Markiewicz, K. Moffeit, J. Neilson, Y. Nosochkov, M. Oriunno, N. Phinney, T. Rizzo, S. Tantawi, J. Wang, B. Weatherford G. White, M. Woodley

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA

1Also at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

2Also at Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

3Now at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

4Now at Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

5Also at Department of Informatics, Athens University of Business and Economics, Athens, Greece

6Also at University of Patras, Patras, Greece

7Also at University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

8Also at IFIC, Valencia, Spain

9Now at PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

10Now at CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

11Also at LAL, Orsay, France

12Also at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

13Now at LBNL, Berkeley CA, USA

14Now at DESY, Zeuthen, Germany

15Also at Shandong University, Jinan, China

16Also at EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

17Also at Omer Halis Demir University, Nigde, Turkey

18Also at The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom

19Now at Diamond Light Source, Harwell, United Kingdom

1.00-Intro/1.00-Chapter-head