# One-, Two-, and Three-dimensional Simulations of Oxygen Shell Burning Just Before the Core-Collapse of Massive Stars

## TL;DR

This study uses 2D and 3D hydrodynamics simulations to analyze convective oxygen shell burning in massive stars before core-collapse, revealing how shell structure influences turbulence and potential supernova explosion conditions.

## Contribution

It provides the first detailed 3D simulation of oxygen shell convection in massive stars, linking shell structure to turbulence and explosion likelihood.

## Key findings

- Thick Si/O layers promote large-scale convection and turbulence.
- 3D models show lower turbulence velocities than 2D models.
- Neutrino emission modulation could reveal presupernova structural changes.

## Abstract

We perform two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamics simulations of convective oxygen shell-burning that takes place deep inside a massive progenitor star of a core-collapse supernova. Using one dimensional (1D) stellar evolution code, we first calculate the evolution of massive stars with an initial mass of 9-40 $M_\odot$. Four different overshoot parameters are applied, and CO core mass trend similar to previous works is obtained in the 1D models. Selecting eleven 1D models that have a silicon and oxygen coexisting layer, we perform 2D hydrodynamics simulations of the evolution $\sim$100 s until the onset of core-collapse. We find that convection with large-scale eddies and the turbulent Mach number $\sim$0.1 is obtained in the models having a Si/O layer with a scale of 10$^8$ cm, whereas most models that have an extended O/Si layer up to a few $\times 10^9$ cm exhibit lower turbulent velocity. Our results indicate that the supernova progenitors that possess a thick Si/O layer could provide a preferable condition for perturbation-aided explosions. We perform 3D simulation of a 25 $M_\odot$ model, which exhibits large-scale convection in the 2D models. The 3D model develops large ($\ell = 2$) convection similar to the 2D model, however, the turbulent velocity is lower. By estimating the neutrino emission properties of the 3D model, we point out that a time modulation of the event rates, if observed in KamLAND and Hyper-Kamiokande, would provide an important information about structural changes in the presupernova convective layer.