# Upper Bounds for Cyclotomic Numbers

## TL;DR

This paper establishes upper bounds for cyclotomic numbers over finite fields, showing they are at most 3 under certain conditions, by transforming equations into complex numbers and using bounds on cyclotomic integers.

## Contribution

It provides new upper bounds for cyclotomic numbers, especially demonstrating they are at most 3 under specific prime power conditions, and introduces a method involving complex number equations.

## Key findings

- Cyclotomic numbers are bounded above by 3 for certain primes.
- Transforming finite field equations into complex equations aids analysis.
- New bounds on the norm of cyclotomic integers improve existing results.

## Abstract

Let $q$ be a power of a prime $p$, let $k$ be a nontrivial divisor of $q-1$ and write $e=(q-1)/k$. We study upper bounds for cyclotomic numbers $(a,b)$ of order $e$ over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$. A general result of our study is that $(a,b)\leq 3$ for all $a,b \in \mathbb{Z}$ if $p> (\sqrt{14})^{k/ord_k(p)}$. More conclusive results will be obtained through separate investigation of the five types of cyclotomic numbers: $(0,0), (0,a), (a,0), (a,a)$ and $(a,b)$, where $a\neq b$ and $a,b \in \{1,\dots,e-1\}$. The main idea we use is to transform equations over $\mathbb{F}_q$ into equations over the field of complex numbers on which we have more information. A major tool for the improvements we obtain over known results is new upper bounds on the norm of cyclotomic integers.