# Relative impacts of different grade-scales on student success in introductory physics

## TL;DR

This study compares how 4-point and percent grade scales affect student grade distributions in introductory physics, revealing significant differences primarily attributable to the grading scale itself rather than instructor or student factors.

## Contribution

It provides empirical evidence that the choice of grade scale significantly influences grade distributions, challenging assumptions about grading consistency.

## Key findings

- Percent scale results in over 5 times more grades below C-
- Instructors give more low grades with percent scale than with 4-point scale
- Grade scale choice impacts student success metrics and grade distributions

## Abstract

In deciding on a student's grade in a class, an instructor generally needs to combine many individual grading judgments into one overall judgment. Two relatively common numerical scales used to specify individual grades are the 4-point scale (where each whole number 0-4 corresponds to a letter grade) and the percent scale (where letter grades A through D are uniformly distributed in the top 40% of the scale). This paper uses grading data from a single series of courses offered over a period of 10 years to show that the grade distributions emerging from these two grade scales differed in many ways from each other. Evidence suggests that the differences are due more to the grade scale than to either the students or the instructors. One major difference is that the fraction of students given grades less than C- was over 5 times larger when instructors used the percent scale. The fact that each instructor who used both grade scales gave more than 4 times as many of these low grades under percent scale grading suggests that the effect is due to the grade scale rather than the instructor. When the percent scale was first introduced in these courses in 2006, one of the authors of this paper, who is also one of the instructors in this data set, had confidently predicted that any changes in course grading would be negligible. They were not negligible, even for this instructor.