Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Fraction of Planets that Develop Life

TL;DR

This paper evaluates how the probability of life developing on planets influences multiverse habitability predictions, finding that certain models are incompatible with the multiverse hypothesis, which can be tested observationally.

Contribution

It identifies which planetary and biological factors are consistent with multiverse predictions, highlighting entropy absorption as a plausible key factor for habitability.

Findings

Entropy absorption model aligns with multiverse expectations

Hard step and oxygenation models are incompatible with multiverse

Observations of life's development could falsify the multiverse hypothesis

Abstract

In a multiverse context, determining the probability of being in our particular universe depends on estimating its overall habitability compared to other universes with different values of the fundamental constants. One of the most important factors in determining this is the fraction of planets that actually develop life, and how this depends on planetary conditions. Many proposed possibilities for this are incompatible with the multiverse: if the emergence of life depends on the lifetime of its host star, the size of the habitable planet, or the amount of material processed, the chances of being in our universe would be very low. If the emergence of life depends on the entropy absorbed by the planet, however, our position in this universe is very natural. Several proposed models for the subsequent development of life, including the hard step model and several planetary oxygenation models, are also shown to be incompatible with the multiverse. If any of these are observed to play a large role in determining the distribution of life throughout our universe, the~multiverse hypothesis will be ruled out to high significance.