Supersymmetric $SU(5) \times U(1)_\chi$ and the Weak Gravity Conjecture

TL;DR

This paper explores a supersymmetric $SU(5) imes U(1)_ ext{chi}$ GUT model consistent with the weak gravity conjecture, analyzing unification, proton decay, cosmic strings, and dark matter implications.

Contribution

It introduces a novel supersymmetric GUT framework with unification at a high scale, incorporating the weak gravity conjecture and examining its phenomenological consequences.

Findings

Proton decay into $e^+ ext{pi}^0$ may be observable in HyperKamiokande.

Intermediate scale cosmic strings can survive inflation.

Dimension five operators affect unification and proton lifetime estimates.

Abstract

The gauge symmetry $SU(5) \times U(1)_\chi$ is the unique maximal subgroup of SO(10) which retains manifest unification at $M_{GUT}$ of the Standard Model gauge couplings, especially if low scale supersymmetry is present. The spontaneous breaking of $U(1)_\chi$ at some intermediate scale leaves unbroken a $Z_2$ symmetry which is precisely `matter' parity. This yields a stable supersymmetric dark matter particle as well as topologically stable cosmic strings. Motivated by the weak gravity conjecture we impose unification of $SU(5)$ and $U(1)_\chi$ at an ultraviolet cutoff $\Lambda \sim \alpha_\Lambda ^{1/2} M_{P} \approx 5 \times 10^{17}$ GeV, where $\alpha_\Lambda$ denotes the $SU(5)$ gauge coupling at $\Lambda$ and $M_P \approx 2.4 \times 10^{18}$ GeV is the reduced Planck Scale. The impact of dimension five operators suppressed by $\Lambda$ on gauge coupling unification, proton lifetime estimates and $b-\tau$ Yukawa unification is discussed. In particular, the gauge boson mediated proton decay into $e^+\pi^0$ can lie within the $2-\sigma$ sensitivity of HyperKamiokande. We also discuss how the intermediate scale strings may survive inflation while the $SU(5)$ monopoles are inflated away. The unbroken $Z_2$ symmetry provides an intriguing link between dark matter, black holes carrying `quantum hair' and cosmic strings.

Figures

Tables

Table 1. Table 1 : Matter and Higgs content in minimal S ​ U ​ ( 5 ) × U ​ ( 1 ) χ 𝑆 𝑈 5 𝑈 subscript 1 𝜒 SU(5)\times U(1)_{\chi} . χ , χ ¯ 𝜒 ¯ 𝜒 \chi,\bar{\chi} fields implement U ​ ( 1 ) χ 𝑈 subscript 1 𝜒 U(1)_{\chi} breaking and χ ¯ ¯ 𝜒 \bar{\chi} provides masses to the right handed neutrinos, ν i c superscript subscript 𝜈 𝑖 𝑐 \nu_{i}^{c} . The singlet S 𝑆 S plays an important role during inflation.

Group	Representations
	Matter
$SU\left(5\right)$	$F_i\left(\overline{5}\right)$	$T_i\left(10\right)$	${\nu }_i^c\left(1\right)$
$2\sqrt{10}U{\left(1\right)}_{\chi }$	3	-1	-5
	Scalars
$SU\left(5\right)$	$\Phi \left(24\right)$	$H\left(5\right)$	$\overline{H}\left(\overline{5}\right)$	$\chi \left(1\right)$	$\overline{\chi }\left(1\right)$	$S\left(1\right)$
$2\sqrt{10}U{\left(1\right)}_{\chi }$	0	2	-2	10	-10	0

Equations

$$(1+ϵ{)}^{1/2}{g}_1(M_X)=(1+6ϵ{)}^{1/2}{g}_2(M_X)$$

$$=(1-4ϵ{)}^{1/2}{g}_3(M_X).$$

$${\Gamma }^{-1}(p\to e^{+}{\pi }^0)=(1.6\times 10^{35}\text{ yr})\times {\left(\frac{{\alpha }_H}{0.012{\text{ GeV}}^3}\right)}^{-2}$$

$${\left(\frac{{\alpha }_G}{1/25}\right)}^{-2}{\left(\frac{A_R}{2.5}\right)}^{-2}{\left(\frac{M_X}{10^{16}\text{ GeV}}\right)}^4.$$

$$\frac{{\epsilon }_{\alpha \beta \mu \nu \delta }}{\Lambda }\left(f_{ij}{F}_i^{\alpha \beta }{T}_j^{\mu \nu }{\Phi }_{\rho }^{\delta }{\bar{H}}^{\rho }+f_{ij}^{\prime }{F}_i^{\alpha \beta }{T}_j^{\mu \rho }{\bar{H}}^{\nu }{\Phi }_{\rho }^{\delta }\right)+h.c.,$$

$$y_b-y_{\tau }\approx 5f_{33}^{\prime }\frac{M_{GUT}}{\Lambda }.$$

$$W=$$

$$K=$$

$$W\supset {\sigma }_{\chi }S\chi \bar{\chi }+\lambda T(\chi \bar{\chi }-{\mu }_{\chi }^2)+\zeta \bar{\chi }{\nu }_i^c{\nu }_j^c,$$

$$K\supset \frac{{\kappa }_{ST}}{M_p^2}|S{|}^2|T{|}^2+\frac{{\kappa }_{S\chi }}{M_p^2}|S{|}^2|\chi {|}^2+\frac{{\kappa }_{S\bar{\chi }}}{M_p^2}|S{|}^2|\bar{\chi }{|}^2,$$

Full text

††preprint: APS/123-QED

I Introduction

Grand Unification based on symmetry groups such as $SU(4)_{c}\times SU(2)_{L}\times SU(2)_{R}$ Pati:1974yy , $SU(5)$ Georgi:1974sy , $SO(10)$ Proceedings:1975hpa ; Fritzsch:1974nn and $E_{6}$ Gursey:1975ki ; Achiman:1978vg ; Shafi:1978gg provide compelling frameworks for new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). Unification of the SM gauge couplings is most straightforwardly realized within the $SU(5)$ gauge group with low scale supersymmetry Dimopoulos:1981yj . However, a discrete $Z_{2}$ symmetry or ‘matter’ parity is required in $SU(5)$ to eliminate rapid proton decay and obtain a plausible dark matter candidate in the form of a neutral lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). Moreover, since neutrinos are massless in the $SU(5)$ framework the observed solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillations cannot be explained. Of course, one is free to include $SU(5)$ singlet right handed neutrinos to resolve this latter problem, but this may not be entirely satisfactory because no symmetry exists to prevent the right handed neutrinos from acquiring arbitrarily large masses.

The embedding of $SU(5)$ in an $SO(10)$ (more precisely $\text{Spin}(10)$) framework nicely resolves the problem of neutrino masses. The presence of $U(1)_{\chi}$ requires three right handed neutrinos, inherited from $SO(10)$, which help implement the seesaw mechanism and explain the solar and atmospheric neutrino data. Furthermore, the right handed neutrinos acquire masses only after spontaneous breaking of $U(1)_{\chi}$ at some appropriately high scale, where $U(1)_{\chi}$ coincides with $U(1)_{B-L}$ for SM singlet fields such as the right handed neutrino.

Another important aspect of the $SO(10)$ symmetry that is relevant here has to do with its center $Z_{4}$. It was shown in ref Kibble:1982ae that the spontaneous breaking of $SO(10)$ to $SU(3)_{c}\times U(1)_{em}$ using only single valued (tensor) representations leaves unbroken the $Z_{2}$ subgroup of its center $Z_{4}$. In a supersymmetric setting this $Z_{2}$ is precisely ‘matter’ parity mentioned earlier. Since $SO(10)$ is a rank five group, the question naturally arises: how does $SO(10)$ break to the SM ? In a non-supersymmetric setting one or more intermediate scales are frequently employed to implement, among other things, gauge coupling unification. In a supersymmetric setting that concerns us here, the $SO(10)$ symmetry can be broken in a single step to the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), keeping intact the $Z_{2}$ symmetry. However, the Higgs fields required to break $SO(10)$ to MSSM$\times Z_{2}$ reside in such large representations that the model becomes non-perturbative above $M_{GUT}(\approx 10^{16}\text{ GeV})$, the unification scale of the MSSM gauge couplings.

To overcome this problem, and also motivated by the weak gravity conjecture, we propose to work instead with the maximal subgroup $SU(5)\times U(1)_{\chi}$, or $\chi SU(5)$ for short. This subgroup of $SO(10)$ manifestly preserves gauge coupling unification, and it’s $U(1)_{\chi}$ component carries in it the $Z_{4}$ center of $SO(10)$, such that $Z_{2}$ survives at the end. According to the weak gravity conjecture, there exists an ultraviolet cutoff scale $\Lambda$ which, in the case of GUTs, is around $5\times 10^{17}$ GeV. In the scenario we are proposing, the merger of $SU(5)$ and $U(1)_{\chi}$ gauge couplings occurs at a scale of order $\Lambda$. Between $M_{GUT}$ and $\Lambda$, the $\chi SU(5)$ theory remains fully perturbative. Furthermore, we can estimate how the presence of $\Lambda$ can impact some of the $SU(5)$ predictions including proton decay and $b-\tau$ Yukawa Unification. [Note that $t-b-\tau$ Yukawa Unification in $SO(10)$ Ananthanarayan:1991xp may be realized at scale $\Lambda$.]

The scale of $U(1)_{\chi}$ breaking can be estimated from a variety of considerations such as neutrino oscillations, inflation, leptogenesis and cosmic strings. We briefly discuss how these cosmic strings may survive inflation while the $SU(5)$ monopoles are inflated away.

II Gauge Coupling Unification and Weak Gravity Conjecture

The field content of $\chi$SU(5) is displayed in Table  1. The matter multiplets come from three 16-plets of $SO(10)$ which contain the right handed neutrinos. In the Higgs sector we have the usual $24$-plet and also $5$, $\bar{5}$ fields which contain the two MSSM Higgs doublets. The $SU(5)$ singlet pair $\chi$, $\bar{\chi}$ acquire intermediate scale VEVs such that $U(1)_{\chi}$ is broken to $Z_{2}$, which is ‘matter’ parity. Note that the charge assignments listed in Table 1 may suggest that the $\chi$, $\bar{\chi}$ VEVs break $U(1)_{\chi}$ to $Z_{10}$. However, since the $Z_{5}$ subgroup of $Z_{10}$ also resides in $SU(5)$, the effective unbroken discrete symmetry is $Z_{2}$.

In Figures [1,2] we display unification of the MSSM gauge couplings at two loops using the software code SARAH Staub:2008uz . The SUSY scale is taken to be $M_{SUSY}=\sqrt{m_{\tilde{t}_{1}}m_{\tilde{t}_{2}}}\approx 3$ TeV, where $m_{\tilde{t}_{1}}$ and $m_{\tilde{t}_{2}}$ denote the stop masses. As expected, unification of the MSSM gauge couplings occurs at $M_{GUT}\approx 1.07\times 10^{16}$ GeV.

The figures also display unification of $\alpha_{G}$ and $\alpha_{\chi}$ which we assume occurs at the ultraviolet cutoff scale $\Lambda\approx\sqrt{\alpha_{G}}M_{P}$. The existence of $\Lambda$ lying between $M_{GUT}$ and $M_{P}$ is predicted by the weak gravity conjecture which is based on a variety of considerations including black holes and the non-existence of global symmetries in string theory ArkaniHamed:2006dz . In the context of $\chi SU(5)$, this conjecture predicts $\Lambda\sim M_{P}\times\alpha_{\Lambda}^{1/2}$, where $\alpha_{\Lambda}$ denotes the unified coupling at scale $\Lambda$. In our case, $\Lambda$ turns out to be around $5\times 10^{17}$ GeV if we identify $\alpha_{\Lambda}$ with the unified coupling $\alpha_{G}\approx 1/25$. A comparable estimate for $\Lambda$ arises by noting that the effective field theory based on $\chi SU(5)$ is asymptotically free and viable at energies $E>M_{GUT}$, as long as $\alpha_{G}$ stays larger than the dimensionless parameter $E^{2}/M_{P}^{2}$ of gravity.

Note that an effective UV cutoff based on black hole physics and comparable to $\Lambda$, is given by $\Lambda_{G}\approx\frac{M_{P}}{\sqrt{N}}$, where $N$ denotes the number of particle species at scale $\Lambda_{G}$ Dvali:2007hz .

In Figures 1 and 2, the unified gauge coupling $\alpha_{G}$ is asymptotically free between $M_{GUT}$ and $\Lambda$. This wont be the case for $SO(10)$ running between $M_{GUT}$ and $\Lambda$.

The appearance of the scale $\Lambda$ fairly close to $M_{GUT}$ suggests a possibly more significant role for higher dimensional operators in GUT related physics. In particular, dimension five operators [for earlier work see ref. Hill:1983xh ; Shafi:1983gz ; Calmet:2008df ] suppressed by a single power of $\Lambda$ could alter the predictions for $M_{GUT}$ which, in turn, would modify the standard proton lifetime predictions. In Shafi:1983gz the scale $\Lambda$ was identified with the compactification scale of an underlying higher dimensional theory.

Consider the dimension five term $\frac{\eta}{\Lambda}\text{ Tr}(F\cdot F\Phi$), where $\eta$ is a dimensionless constant, suppressed by the cutoff scale $\Lambda$. As shown in refs. Hill:1983xh ; Shafi:1983gz the unification conditions on the gauge couplings are modified as follows,

[TABLE]

Here the dimensionless parameter $\epsilon\equiv\frac{\eta v}{\sqrt{15}\Lambda}$, where $v$ is the VEV of the $SU(5)$ adjoint Higgs multiplet, and $M_{X}$ plays the role of $M_{GUT}$ and coincides with it for $\epsilon=0$. In FIG. 3 we show a plot of $M_{X}$ versus $\epsilon$, and FIG. 4 shows the corresponding proton lifetime for $p\to e^{+}\pi^{0}$, which has been calculated using eq.(1.2) from Babu:2013jba ,

[TABLE]

Here $\alpha_{H}\simeq 0.01$ is the nuclear matrix element relevant for proton decay, and $A_{R}\simeq 2.5$ is the renormalization factor of the $d=6$ proton decay operator.

A suitably small positive value of $\epsilon$ shifts $M_{X}$ to lower values such that the proton lifetime lies within the range accessible by the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment.

Regarding proton decay via Higgsino mediated dimension five operators, we assume that the SUSY scalars participating in this process are sufficiently heavy $(\gtrsim 20\text{ TeV})$, such that the lifetime predictions do not contradict the current experimental bounds.

III $b-\tau$ Yukawa Unification

Many realistic $SU(5)$ models predict $b-\tau$ Yukawa Unification (YU) Ellis:1979fg which would also hold for the $\chi$SU(5) model. Referring to Table 1, consider the following dimension-five terms that generate masses in SU(5) for down quarks and charged leptons Panagiotakopoulos:1984wf ; Wiesenfeldt:2005zx ; Calmet:2011ic

[TABLE]

where $f_{ij},f^{\prime}_{ij}$ are dimensionless constants and the Greek letters denote the SU(5) indices. Ignoring the first two families, the usual $b-\tau$ Yukawa Unification condition at $M_{GUT}$ is modified to Wiesenfeldt:2005zx

[TABLE]

With $M_{GUT}\approx 2\times 10^{16}$ GeV, $\Lambda\approx 5\times 10^{17}$ GeV and $f^{\prime}_{33}$ of order unity, this can modify exact $b-\tau$ YU by up to $10\%$ or so. This is in addition to any modifications arising from mixing between the families.

Finite one loop SUSY threshold corrections Hall:1993gn are known to play an essential role in realizing $b-\tau$ YU in SUSY GUTs. In Figure  5 we show the two loop running of $y_{b}$ and $y_{\tau}$ with tan $\beta=50$, the SUSY scale is 3 TeV, and the leading radiative corrections to $y_{b}$, denoted by $\delta_{b}^{finite}$, Hall:1993gn ; Elor:2012ig vary from 6-16 %. Radiative corrections to $y_{t}$ and $y_{\tau}$ will be ignored. For the corrections to $y_{b}$ set equal to 12 % the YU condition is well satisfied, in agreement with the results in ref. Elor:2012ig . However, deviations from this value yield approximate YU, which can be attributed to the presence of SU(5) breaking terms arising from the dimension five couplings in Eq. (3). In Figure 6 we display this phenomenon with tan $\beta$ set equal to 20.

A recent paper on $b-\tau$ YU in $SU(5)$ presented results based on a SUSY breaking scenario that yields non-universal gaugino masses at $M_{GUT}$ Raza:2018jnh . A number of solutions compatible with the current experimental constraints from LHC, Planck and direct dark matter detection were found. These include gluino co-annihilation in which the gluino is nearly degenerate in mass ($\sim 1-2$ TeV) with the LSP neutralino, as well as several other cases in which the gluino can be considerably heavier, of order 4 TeV or so. The benchmark points shown, which take into account the finite one loop corrections, exhibit $b-\tau$ Yukawa Unification at the level of $8-10\%$. This can now be understood in light of the modified Yukawa condition in Eq.(4).

IV Inflation, Monopoles and Cosmic Strings in $SU(5)\times U(1)_{\chi}$

To see how the cosmic strings may survive inflation while the monopoles are inflated away, consider the well-known superpotential $W$ and Kähler potential $K$ for implementing hybrid inflation associated with a symmetry breaking $G$ to $H$ Dvali:1994ms ; Rehman:2009nq ; Pallis:2013dxa ; Buchmuller:2014epa ,

[TABLE]

where $\Phi,\bar{\Phi}$ denote the conjugate pair of Higgs superfields responsible for breaking $G\to H$, $S$ is a gauge singlet field and $M$ denotes the scale at which $G$ is broken. A $U(1)$ R-symmetry restricts the renormalizable terms allowed in $W$. With minimal $W$ and $K$ this yields successful hybrid inflation in agreement with the Planck observations Aghanim:2018eyx .

Inflation is driven by a scalar component of $S$, and $\Phi$, $\bar{\Phi}$, referred to as ‘waterfall’ fields, acquire their VEVs at the end of inflation. If $G$ is $U(1)_{\chi}$ then cosmic strings will appear at the end of inflation. Following Pallis:2013dxa the $U(1)_{\chi}$ symmetry breaking scale $\mu_{\chi}$ in this case can be as low as $6\times 10^{14}$ GeV or so, which yields $G\mu\sim 1.5\times 10^{-8}$ for the dimensionless string tension, where $G$ denotes Newton’s constant and $\mu\simeq 2\pi\mu_{\chi}^{2}$ Hindmarsh:2011qj . This prediction of $G\mu$ is compatible with the Planck bound $G\mu<3.7\times 10^{-7}$ derived from constraints on the string contribution to the CMB power spectrum Ade:2013xla .

A modified version of this minimal scenario employs a non-minimal Kähler potential BasteroGil:2006cm and the inflationary predictions are in agreement with the recent Planck results Aghanim:2018eyx . If the symmetry breaking $G$ to $H$ produces monopoles, we can use a non-minimal W and minimal or non-minimal K. In this so-called shifted hybrid inflation Jeannerot:2000sv both $S$ and the waterfall fields take part in inflation, such that the monopoles are inflated away.

Shifted hybrid inflation was successfully implemented in $SU(5)$ in Khalil:2010cp . To include $U(1)_{\chi}$ in this scenario we can introduce in W the following terms

[TABLE]

where $\nu_{i}^{c},\nu_{j}^{c}$ denote the right handed neutrino superfields, and the second term implements $U(1)_{\chi}$ breaking along the lines mentioned earlier. Also, in K we include the terms

[TABLE]

such that $T$ and $\chi$, $\bar{\chi}$ fields stay at the origin during inflation with suitable choices for the dimensionless parameters in Eq.(7), while $S$ and the $SU(5)$ adjoint field participate in shifted hybrid inflation. In this case the $SU(5)$ monopoles are inflated away and cosmic strings appear after inflation is over. Note that the dimensionless string tension in this case can be significantly lower, depending on the $U(1)_{\chi}$ breakig scale. The inclusion of $U(1)_{\chi}$ has the added advantage that we can implement leptogenesis at the end of inflation which we will not discuss here. [ For a discussion on how cosmic strings can survive inflation in non-supersymmetric $SU(5)\times U(1)_{X}$, with $U(1)_{X}$ a global symmetry, see ref. Shafi:1984tt .]

V Summary

We have argued that $\chi SU(5)$, based on the gauge symmetry $SU(5)\times U(1)_{\chi}$, is a compelling extension of the SM and MSSM, which presumably merges into $SO(10)$ and quantum gravity at a cutoff scale $\Lambda\sim 5\times 10^{17}$ GeV arising from the weak gravity conjecture. The $U(1)_{\chi}$ symmetry prevents rapid proton decay and its unbroken $Z_{2}$ subgroup ensures stability of the neutralino LSP, a viable dark matter candidate. With $M_{X}$ relatively close to $\Lambda$, we have explored its impact on gauge coupling unification, $b-\tau$ Yukawa unification and proton decay that arise from considerations of dimension five operators suppressed by $\Lambda$. We briefly discussed how a successful inflationary scenario can be realized in this framework such that the superheavy $SU(5)$ monopoles are inflated away but topologically stable cosmic strings from the intermediate scale breaking of $U(1)_{\chi}$ may be present in our galaxy.

Finally, let us note that a black hole may carry a quantum number (‘hair’) Coleman:1991sj associated with the unbroken discrete $Z_{2}$ symmetry from $U(1)_{\chi}$, which suggests an intriguing relationship between black holes, dark matter and strings.

VI Acknowledgment

Q.S thanks the DOE for partial support provided under grant number DE-SC 0013880.