# A Renormalization-Group Study of Interacting Bose-Einstein condensates: Absence of the Bogoliubov Mode below Four ($T>0$) and Three ($T=0$) Dimensions

## TL;DR

This study uses renormalization-group equations to show that interacting Bose-Einstein condensates lack the Bogoliubov mode below four dimensions at finite temperature and below three dimensions at zero temperature, highlighting the role of long-range fluctuations.

## Contribution

It derives exact RG equations for Bose-Einstein condensates that automatically satisfy Goldstone's theorem, revealing the absence of the Bogoliubov mode in lower dimensions.

## Key findings

- Anomalous self-energy $\Delta(0)$ vanishes below critical dimensions.
- One-particle density matrix exhibits power-law decay with exponent $\eta>0$.
- Excitations differ from the Nambu-Goldstone mode in lower dimensions.

## Abstract

We derive exact renormalization-group equations for the $n$-point vertices ($n=0,1,2,\cdots$) of interacting single-component Bose-Einstein condensates based on the vertex expansion of the effective action. They have a notable feature of automatically satisfying Goldstone's theorem (I), which yields the Hugenholtz-Pines relation $\Sigma(0)-\mu=\Delta(0)$ as the lowest-order identity. Using them, it is found that the anomalous self-energy $\Delta(0)$ vanishes below $d_{\rm c}=4$ ($d_{\rm c}=3$) dimensions at finite temperatures (zero temperature), contrary to the Bogoliubov theory predicting a finite "sound-wave" velocity $v_{\rm s}\propto [\Delta(0)]^{1/2}>0$. It is also argued that the one-particle density matrix $\rho({\bf r})\equiv\langle\hat\psi^\dagger({\bf r}_1)\hat\psi({\bf r}_1+{\bf r})\rangle$ for $d<d_{\rm c}$ dimensions approaches the off-diagonal-long-range-order value $N_{\bf 0}/V$ asymptotically as $r^{-d+2-\eta}$ with an exponent $\eta>0$. The anomalous dimension $\eta$ at finite temperatures is predicted to behave for $d=4-\epsilon$ dimensions ($0<\epsilon\ll 1$) as $\eta\propto\epsilon^2$. Thus, the interacting Bose-Einstein condensates are subject to long-range fluctuations similar to those at the second-order transition point, and their excitations in the one-particle channel are distinct from the Nambu-Goldstone mode with a sound-wave dispersion in the two-particle channel.