# Dynamical analysis of modal coupling in rare-earth whispering gallery mode micro-lasers

## TL;DR

This paper experimentally investigates the laser regimes in erbium-doped whispering gallery mode micro-lasers, focusing on modal coupling effects and their impact on emission stability and regimes.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into how modal coupling influences emission regimes in WGM micro-lasers, with experimental evidence and precise measurement techniques.

## Key findings

- Modal coupling affects the noise spectrum of WGM lasers
- Frequency locking or self-modulation depends on resonator material
- Control of emission regimes is achievable for applications

## Abstract

We report on an experimental study of laser regime in erbium-doped whispering gallery mode (WGM) microspheres under modal-coupling between the co- and counter-propagating modes. The evidence of modal coupling has been observed in the relative intensity noise spectrum of several WGM lasers. Cross-correlation measurements have been carried out in order to determine precisely the emission regimes. It is shown that depending on the material constituting the WGM resonator, frequency locked bidirectional emission or self-modulated regime can be reached. The control of the laser emission regime of WGM micro-lasers is of great importance in the aim of applications in microwave optics or optical sensor miniaturization.