# On first-order expressibility of satisfiability in submodels

## TL;DR

This paper investigates when the property that a model has a submodel satisfying a certain sentence can be expressed in first-order logic or its extensions, providing characterizations for specific cases involving large cardinals.

## Contribution

It offers syntactical and semantical characterizations of conditions under which submodel satisfaction can be expressed in $ ext{L}_{ ext{kappa,kappa}}$, especially for $ ext{kappa}= ext{omega}$ or large cardinals.

## Key findings

- Characterizations of when $ heta( extphi)$ is in $ ext{L}_{ ext{kappa,kappa}}$
- Results for $ ext{kappa}= ext{omega}$ and certain large cardinals
- Conditions under which submodel satisfaction is first-order expressible

## Abstract

Let $\kappa,\lambda$ be regular cardinals, $\lambda\le\kappa$, let $\varphi$ be a sentence of the language $\mathcal L_{\kappa,\lambda}$ in a given signature, and let $\vartheta(\varphi)$ express the fact that $\varphi$ holds in a submodel, i.e., any model $\mathfrak A$ in the signature satisfies $\vartheta(\varphi)$ if and only if some submodel $\mathfrak B$ of $\mathfrak A$ satisfies $\varphi$. It was shown in [1] that, whenever $\varphi$ is in $\mathcal L_{\kappa,\omega}$ in the signature having less than $\kappa$ functional symbols (and arbitrarily many predicate symbols), then $\vartheta(\varphi)$ is equivalent to a monadic existential sentence in the second-order language $\mathcal L^{2}_{\kappa,\omega}$, and that for any signature having at least one binary predicate symbol there exists $\varphi$ in $\mathcal L_{\omega,\omega}$ such that $\vartheta(\varphi)$ is not equivalent to any (first-order) sentence in $\mathcal L_{\infty,\omega}$. Nevertheless, in certain cases $\vartheta(\varphi)$ are first-order expressible. In this note, we provide several (syntactical and semantical) characterizations of the case when $\vartheta(\varphi)$ is in $\mathcal L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ and $\kappa$ is $\omega$ or a certain large cardinal.