# GOGGLES: Automatic Image Labeling with Affinity Coding

## TL;DR

GOGGLES introduces affinity coding, a domain-agnostic method for automatically labeling image datasets by leveraging affinity scores, significantly reducing human effort and outperforming existing data programming systems.

## Contribution

The paper presents a novel affinity coding paradigm and a system that effectively labels images without extensive human annotation, using a hierarchical generative model and new affinity functions.

## Key findings

- Achieves 71-98% accuracy on diverse image datasets
- Outperforms state-of-the-art data programming system Snuba by 21%
- Only 7% below fully supervised performance

## Abstract

Generating large labeled training data is becoming the biggest bottleneck in building and deploying supervised machine learning models. Recently, the data programming paradigm has been proposed to reduce the human cost in labeling training data. However, data programming relies on designing labeling functions which still requires significant domain expertise. Also, it is prohibitively difficult to write labeling functions for image datasets as it is hard to express domain knowledge using raw features for images (pixels). We propose affinity coding, a new domain-agnostic paradigm for automated training data labeling. The core premise of affinity coding is that the affinity scores of instance pairs belonging to the same class on average should be higher than those of pairs belonging to different classes, according to some affinity functions. We build the GOGGLES system that implements affinity coding for labeling image datasets by designing a novel set of reusable affinity functions for images, and propose a novel hierarchical generative model for class inference using a small development set. We compare GOGGLES with existing data programming systems on 5 image labeling tasks from diverse domains. GOGGLES achieves labeling accuracies ranging from a minimum of 71% to a maximum of 98% without requiring any extensive human annotation. In terms of end-to-end performance, GOGGLES outperforms the state-of-the-art data programming system Snuba by 21% and a state-of-the-art few-shot learning technique by 5%, and is only 7% away from the fully supervised upper bound.