# Multimessenger science opportunities with mHz gravitational waves

## TL;DR

LISA will enable groundbreaking multimessenger astrophysics in the mHz gravitational wave band, offering insights into early universe structure, black hole evolution, and stellar remnants, requiring coordinated US scientific efforts.

## Contribution

This paper reviews the scientific opportunities of LISA for multimessenger astronomy and advocates for a coordinated US program to maximize its scientific impact.

## Key findings

- Potential for groundbreaking discoveries in early universe structure formation.
- Opportunities for joint electromagnetic and gravitational wave observations.
- Need for sustained multidisciplinary investment and coordination.

## Abstract

LISA will open the mHz band of gravitational waves (GWs) to the astronomy community. The strong gravity which powers the variety of GW sources in this band is also crucial in a number of important astrophysical processes at the current frontiers of astronomy. These range from the beginning of structure formation in the early universe, through the origin and cosmic evolution of massive black holes in concert with their galactic environments, to the evolution of stellar remnant binaries in the Milky Way and in nearby galaxies. These processes and their associated populations also drive current and future observations across the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. We review opportunities for science breakthroughs, involving either direct coincident EM+GW observations, or indirect multimessenger studies. We argue that for the US community to fully capitalize on the opportunities from the LISA mission, the US efforts should be accompanied by a coordinated and sustained program of multi-disciplinary science investment, following the GW data through to its impact on broad areas of astrophysics. Support for LISA-related multimessenger observers and theorists should be sized appropriately for a flagship observatory and may be coordinated through a dedicated mHz GW research center.