# Vacancy mediated magnetization and healing of a graphene monolayer

## TL;DR

This study uses first-principles calculations to explore how vacancies induce magnetization in graphene, revealing vacancy clustering preferences, the lack of magnetic ordering, and vacancy migration leading to self-healing.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into vacancy clustering, magnetic behavior, and self-healing mechanisms in graphene through combined computational and analytical methods.

## Key findings

- Vacancy clustering is energetically favorable over isolated vacancies.
- Magnetic moments from vacancies do not lead to magnetic ordering.
- Vacancies migrate to edges, enabling self-healing of graphene.

## Abstract

Vacancy-induced magnetization of a graphene layer is investigated by means of a first principle DFT method. Calculations of the formation energy and the magnetization by creating the different number of vacancies in a supercell show that a clustering with big number of vacancies in the cluster is rather favorable than that of isolated vacancies, homogeneously distributed in the layer. The magnetic moment of a cluster with big number of vacancies is shown to be not proportional with the vacancy concentration, which is in good agreement with the recent experimental results. Our studies support the idea that although the vacancies in a graphene create a magnetic moment, they do not produce a magnetic ordering. It is shown that although the Lieb's rule for the magnetization in a hexagonal structure violates, two-vacancies, including a di-vacancy, in the supercell generate quasi-localized state when they belong to the different sublattices, and instead two-vacancies generate an extended state when they belong to the same sublattices. Analytical investigation of the dynamics of carbon atom- and vacancy-concentrations according to the non-linear continuity equations shows that the vacancies, produced by irradiation at the middle of a graphene layer, migrate to the edge of the sample resulting in a specific {\it 'segregation'} of the vacancy concentration and self-healing of the graphene.