# Perturbation theory for two-dimensional hydrodynamic plasmons

## TL;DR

This paper develops a perturbation theory for two-dimensional hydrodynamic plasmons, analyzing how various effects like carrier drift, magnetic fields, and Berry curvature influence plasmon spectra and stability in electron systems.

## Contribution

It introduces a unified approach to evaluate corrections to plasmon spectra in hydrodynamic electron systems, addressing complex effects previously difficult to handle.

## Key findings

- Weak current can destabilize plasmon modes in symmetric structures.
- Carrier drift causes anomalous Doppler shifts in plasmonic crystals.
- Berry curvature induces non-reciprocity in edge plasmon spectra.

## Abstract

Perturbation theory is an indispensable tool in quantum mechanics and electrodynamics that handles weak effects on particle motion or fields. However, its extension to plasmons involving complex motion of {\it both} particles and fields remained challenging. We show that this challenge can be mastered if electron motion obeys the laws of hydrodynamics, as recently confirmed in experiments with ultra-clean heterostructures. We present a unified approach to evaluate corrections to plasmon spectra induced by carrier drift, magnetic field, Berry curvature, scattering, and viscosity. As a first application, we study the stability of direct current in confined two-dimensional electron systems against self-excitation of plasmons. We show that arbitrarily weak current in the absence of dissipation is unstable provided the structure lacks mirror symmetry. As a second application, we indicate that in extended periodic systems -- plasmonic crystals -- carrier drift induces anomalous Doppler shift, which can be both below and higher than its value in uniform systems. Finally, we exactly evaluate the effect of Berry curvature on spectra of edge plasmons and demonstrate the non-reciprocity induced by anomalous velocity.