# Products of Conditional Expectation Operators: Convergence and Divergence

## TL;DR

This paper explores the convergence properties of products of conditional expectation operators, demonstrating divergence in non-atomic spaces and convergence in purely atomic spaces, thus resolving a long-standing conjecture.

## Contribution

It proves that products of conditional expectation operators can diverge in non-atomic spaces and always converge in purely atomic spaces, settling a major open question.

## Key findings

- Divergence of operator products in non-atomic spaces.
- Convergence of operator products in purely atomic spaces.
- Resolution of a long-standing conjecture on conditional expectations.

## Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the convergence of products of conditional expectation operators. We show that if $(\Omega,\cal{F},P)$ is a probability space that is not purely atomic, then divergent sequences of products of conditional expectation operators involving 3 or 4 sub-$\sigma$-fields of $\cal{F}$ can be constructed for a large class of random variables in $L^2(\Omega,\cal{F},P)$. This settles in the negative a long-open conjecture. On the other hand, we show that if $(\Omega,\cal{F},P)$ is a purely atomic probability space, then products of conditional expectation operators involving any finite set of sub-$\sigma$-fields of $\cal{F}$ must converge for all random variables in $L^1(\Omega,\cal{F},P)$.