# Quantitative Measure of Memory Loss in Complex Spatio-Temporal Systems

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a practical measure for quantifying memory loss in complex systems, applies it to granular shear systems, and reveals irregular memory loss behavior linked to force network transitions and bifurcations.

## Contribution

It proposes a new method to assess mixing rates in dynamical systems and demonstrates its application to granular shear systems, uncovering irregular memory loss patterns.

## Key findings

- Memory loss rate varies erratically with shear rate.
- Memory loss is linked to force network transitions.
- Bifurcations influence the rate of memory loss.

## Abstract

To make progress in understanding the issue of memory loss and history dependence in evolving complex systems, we consider the mixing rate that specifies how fast the future states become independent of the initial condition. We propose a simple measure for assessing the mixing rate that can be directly applied to experimental data observed in any metric space $X$. For a compact phase space $X \subset R^M$, we prove the following statement. If the underlying dynamical system has a unique physical measure and its dynamics is strongly mixing with respect to this measure, then our method provides an upper bound of the mixing rate. We employ our method to analyze memory loss for the system of slowly sheared granular particles with a small inertial number $I$. The shear is induced by the moving walls as well as by the linear motion of the support surface that ensures approximately linear shear throughout the sample. We show that even if $I$ is kept fixed, the rate of memory loss (considered at the time scale given by the inverse shear rate) depends erratically on the shear rate. Our study suggests a presence of bifurcations at which the rate of memory loss increases with the shear rate while it decreases away from these points. We also find that the memory loss is not a smooth process. Its rate is closely related to frequency of the sudden transitions of the force network. The loss of memory, quantified by observing evolution of force networks, is found to be correlated with the loss of correlation of shear stress measured on the system scale. Thus, we have established a direct link between the evolution of force networks and macroscopic properties of the considered system.