# Testing of Generalized Uncertainty Principle With Macroscopic Mechanical Oscillators and Pendulums

## TL;DR

This study tests the generalized uncertainty principle using macroscopic mechanical oscillators and pendulums, setting new experimental limits on quantum gravity effects through amplitude-frequency measurements.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel method to test quantum gravity effects via amplitude-frequency dependence in mechanical oscillators, achieving more stringent limits on the correction constant.

## Key findings

- Established upper limit on quantum gravity correction constant with sapphire resonator
- Set more stringent limit on correction constant using quartz resonators
- Provided stronger constraints on the generalized uncertainty principle from pendulum data

## Abstract

Recent progress in observing and manipulating mechanical oscillators at quantum regime provides new opportunities of studying fundamental physics, for example, to search for low energy signatures of quantum gravity. For example, it was recently proposed that such devices can be used to test quantum gravity effects, by detecting the change in the [x,p] commutation relation that could result from quantum gravity corrections. We show that such a correction results in a dependence of a resonant frequency of a mechanical oscillator on its amplitude, which is known as amplitude-frequency effect. By implementing this new method we measure amplitude-frequency effect for 0.3 kg ultra high-Q sapphire split-bar mechanical resonator and for 10 mg quartz bulk acoustic wave resonator. Our experiments with sapphire resonator have established the upper limit on quantum gravity correction constant for $\beta_0<5 \times10^6$ which is a factor of 6 better than previously detected. The reasonable estimates of $\beta_0$ from experiments with quartz resonators yield an even more stringent limit of $4\times10^4$. The data sets of 1936 measurement of physical pendulum period by Atkinson results in significantly stronger limitations on $\beta_0 \ll 1$. Yet, due to the lack of proper pendulum frequency stability measurement in these experiments, the exact upper bound on $\beta_0$ can not be reliably established. Moreover, pendulum based systems only allow testing a specific form of the modified commutator that depends on the mean value of momentum. The electro-mechanical oscillators to the contrary enable testing of any form of generalized uncertainty principle directly due to much higher stability and a higher degree of control.