# Refracting into Ultra Diffuse Galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 by Passing near the Center of NGC 1052

## TL;DR

This paper proposes that the ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2's low dark matter content can be explained by a past close encounter with NGC 1052, which caused tidal heating and stretching, without new physics.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that a single tidal encounter with a larger galaxy can naturally produce the observed properties of NGC 1052-DF2, challenging the need for new physical explanations.

## Key findings

- Tidal effects can explain the low dark matter ratio.
- The galaxy's flat distribution is reproducible through simulations.
- No new physical mechanisms are required for the observed features.

## Abstract

The recent observation of the ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 shows a galaxy may lack dark matter. Usually dark matter is much more abundant than stellar in galaxy environment. This dark matter to baryon mass ratio is generally larger than the cosmological ratio of about five, since a significant part of baryon is diffused in the form of intergalactic medium. How to achieve such a low dark matter to baryon mass ratio is a challenge to the standard galaxy formation mechanism. Here we show that such a low ratio can be a natural consequence if the NGC 1052-DF2 had experienced a single passage within a few kpcs to the center of galaxy NGC 1052. The tidal effect of NGC 1052 in the encounter will heat the NGC 1052-DF2 up, stretch the previous dwarf galaxy significantly into its current size. The relative lacking of dark matter in the observed region is a natural consequence of the dark matter extended distribution and relatively less concentration in the corresponding central region before encounter, together with a systematic underestimation of the trace mass estimator method during relaxation after encounter. The observed flat distribution of the ultra-diffuse galaxy can be reproduced. Our results shows no need of introducing any new physical mechanism.