# Near-Additive Spanners In Low Polynomial Deterministic CONGEST Time

## TL;DR

This paper presents a low polynomial deterministic algorithm in the CONGEST model for constructing sparse near-additive graph spanners, matching the efficiency of existing randomized algorithms and improving over previous deterministic methods.

## Contribution

It introduces the first efficient deterministic CONGEST algorithm for near-additive spanners with arbitrary sparsity, achieving near state-of-the-art performance.

## Key findings

- Deterministic CONGEST algorithm runs in low polynomial time
- Constructs arbitrarily sparse near-additive spanners
- Matches parameters of randomized algorithms in efficiency and sparsity

## Abstract

Given parameters $\alpha\geq 1,\beta\geq 0$, a subgraph $G'=(V,H)$ of an $n$-vertex unweighted undirected graph $G=(V,E)$ is called an $(\alpha,\beta)$-spanner if for every pair $u,v\in V$ of vertices, $d_{G'}(u,v)\leq \alpha d_{G}(u,v)+\beta$. If $\beta=0$ the spanner is called a multiplicative $\alpha$-spanner, and if $\alpha = 1+\epsilon$, for an arbitrarily small $\epsilon>0$, the spanner is said to be a near-additive one. Graph spanners are a fundamental and extremely well-studied combinatorial construct, with a multitude of applications in distributed computing and in other areas. Near-additive spanners, introduced in [EP01], preserve large distances much more faithfully than multiplicative spanners. Also, recent lower bounds [AB15] ruled out the existence of arbitrarily sparse purely additive spanners (i.e., spanners with $\alpha=1$), and therefore near-additive spanners provide the best approximation of distances that one can hope for. Numerous distributed algorithms for constructing sparse near-additive spanners exist. In particular, there are now known efficient randomized algorithms in the CONGEST model that construct such spanners [EN17], and also there are efficient deterministic algorithms in the LOCAL model [DGPV09]. The only known deterministic CONGEST-model algorithm for the problem [Elk01] requires superlinear time in $n$. We remedy the situation and devise an efficient deterministic CONGEST-model algorithm for constructing arbitrarily sparse near-additive spanners. The running time of our algorithm is low polynomial, i.e., roughly $O(\beta \cdot n^\rho)$, where $\rho > 0$ is an arbitrarily small positive constant that affects the additive term $\beta$. In general, the parameters of our algorithm and of the resulting spanner are at the same ballpark as the respective parameters of the state-of-the-art randomized algorithm for the problem due to [EN17].