# All-fiber self-compensating polarization encoder for Quantum Key Distribution

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a simple, stable, and cost-effective all-fiber polarization encoder for Quantum Key Distribution, utilizing a Lithium Niobate phase modulator within a Sagnac interferometer, suitable for various communication channels.

## Contribution

It presents a novel self-compensating polarization encoder using standard telecom components, achieving low error rates and high stability for QKD applications.

## Key findings

- Achieved an intrinsic quantum bit error rate as low as 0.2%.
- Demonstrated compatibility across 800 nm to 1550 nm wavelengths.
- Provided a design suitable for free-space, fiber, and satellite QKD.

## Abstract

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows distant parties to exchange cryptographic keys with unconditional security by encoding information on the degrees of freedom of photons. Polarization encoding has been extensively used in QKD implementations along free-space, optical fiber and satellite-based links. However, the polarization encoders used in such implementations are unstable, expensive, complex and can even exhibit side-channels that undermine the security of the implemented protocol. Here we propose a self-compensating polarization encoder based on a Lithium Niobate phase modulator inside a Sagnac interferometer and implement it using only standard telecommunication commercial off-the-shelves components (COTS). Our polarization encoder combines a simple design and high stability reaching an intrinsic quantum bit error rate as low as 0.2%. Since realization is possible from the 800 nm to the 1550 nm band by using COTS, our polarization modulator is a promising solution for free-space, fiber and satellite-based QKD.