# Receiver Operating Characteristics for a Prototype Quantum Two-Mode Squeezing Radar

## TL;DR

This paper presents a laboratory prototype of a quantum radar using entangled microwave signals, demonstrating a significant performance advantage over classical radar in terms of sample efficiency at microwave frequencies.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a quantum two-mode squeezing radar prototype operating at microwave frequencies, showing improved detection performance over classical systems using ROC analysis.

## Key findings

- Quantum radar requires 8 times fewer samples than classical radar for similar performance.
- The prototype operates solely at microwave frequencies without optical downconversion.
- Significant gain observed in ROC curves at -82 dBm signal power.

## Abstract

We have built and evaluated a prototype quantum radar, which we call a quantum two-mode squeezing radar (QTMS radar), in the laboratory. It operates solely at microwave frequencies; there is no downconversion from optical frequencies. Because the signal generation process relies on quantum mechanical principles, the system is considered to contain a quantum-enhanced radar transmitter. This transmitter generates a pair of entangled microwave signals and transmits one of them through free space, where the signal is measured using a simple and rudimentary receiver. At the heart of the transmitter is a device called a Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA), which generates a pair of entangled signals called two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) at 6.1445 GHz and 7.5376 GHz. These are then sent through a chain of amplifiers. The 7.5376 GHz beam passes through 0.5 m of free space; the 6.1445 GHz signal is measured directly after amplification. The two measurement results are correlated in order to distinguish signal from noise. We compare our QTMS radar to a classical radar setup using conventional components, which we call a two-mode noise radar (TMN radar), and find that there is a significant gain when both systems broadcast signals at -82 dBm. This is shown via a comparison of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. In particular, we find that the quantum radar requires 8 times fewer integrated samples compared to its classical counterpart to achieve the same performance.